Thiamine administration is usually continued until clinical improvement ceases. [ citation needed ] Considering the diversity of possible causes and several surprising symptomatologic presentations, and because there is low assumed risk of toxicity of thiamine, because the therapeutic response is often dramatic from the first day, some qualified authors indicate parenteral thiamine if WE is suspected, both as a resource for diagnosis and treatment. [5] The diagnosis is highly supported by the response to parenteral thiamine, but is not sufficient to be excluded by the lack of it. [59] Parenteral thiamine administration is associated with a very small risk of anaphylaxis. [ citation needed ] Alcohol abusers may have poor dietary intakes of several vitamins, and impaired thiamine absorption, metabolism, and storage; they may thus require higher doses. [34] If glucose is given, such as in hypoglycaemic alcoholics, thiamine must be given concurrently.
The anorectal angle has been shown to flatten out when in a squatting position , and is thus recommended for patients with functional outlet obstruction like anismus. [5] If the patient is unable to assume a squatting postures due to mobility issues, a low stool can be used to raise the feet when sitting, which effectively achieves a similar position. [ citation needed ] Treatments for anismus include biofeedback retraining, botox injections, and surgical resection.
Not recommended for more than three days' use. [48] Recommended treatments for most cases of sinusitis include rest and drinking enough water to thin the mucus. [50] Antibiotics are not recommended for most cases. [50] [51] Breathing low-temperature steam such as from a hot shower or gargling can relieve symptoms. [50] [52] There is tentative evidence for nasal irrigation in acute sinusitis, for example during upper respiratory infections . [4] Decongestant nasal sprays containing oxymetazoline may provide relief, but these medications should not be used for more than the recommended period.
The relative importance of these three modes of transmission is unclear, and they may all contribute to the spread of the virus. [9] In the airborne route, the droplets that are small enough for people to inhale are 0.5 to 5 μm in diameter and inhaling just one droplet might be enough to cause an infection. [97] Although a single sneeze releases up to 40,000 droplets, [99] most of these droplets are quite large and will quickly settle out of the air. [97] How long influenza survives in airborne droplets seems to be influenced by the levels of humidity and UV radiation , with low humidity and a lack of sunlight in winter aiding its survival; [97] ideal conditions can allow it to live for an hour in the atmosphere. [100] As the influenza virus can persist outside of the body, it can also be transmitted by contaminated surfaces such as banknotes , [101] doorknobs, light switches and other household items. [27] The length of time the virus will persist on a surface varies, with the virus surviving for one to two days on hard, non-porous surfaces such as plastic or metal, for about fifteen minutes on dry paper tissues, and only five minutes on skin. [102] However, if the virus is present in mucus, this can protect it for longer periods (up to 17 days on banknotes). [97] [101] Avian influenza viruses can survive indefinitely when frozen. [103] They are inactivated by heating to 56 °C (133 °F) for a minimum of 60 minutes, as well as by acids (at pH <2). [103] Pathophysiology The different sites of infection (shown in red) of seasonal H1N1 versus avian H5N1 . ... The virus also survives longer on surfaces at colder temperatures and aerosol transmission of the virus is highest in cold environments (less than 5 °C) with low relative humidity. [181] The lower air humidity in winter seems to be the main cause of seasonal influenza transmission in temperate regions. [182] [183] However, seasonal changes in infection rates also occur in tropical regions, and in some countries these peaks of infection are seen mainly during the rainy season. [184] Seasonal changes in contact rates from school terms, which are a major factor in other childhood diseases such as measles and pertussis , may also play a role in the flu. ... The Y axis goes to 1%. [190] Every year about 290,000 to 650,000 people die due to influenza globally, with an average of 389,000. [191] In the developed world most of those who die are over the age of 65. [1] In the developing world the effects are less clear; however, it appears that children are affected to a greater degree. [1] Although the number of cases of influenza can vary widely between years, approximately 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations are directly associated with influenza a year in the United States. [192] [193] One method of calculating influenza mortality produced an estimate of 41,400 average deaths per year in the United States between 1979 and 2001. [194] Different methods in 2010 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported a range from a low of about 3,300 deaths to a high of 49,000 per year. [195] Outbreaks Further information: Flu pandemic As influenza is caused by a variety of species and strains of viruses , in any given year some strains can die out while others create epidemics , while yet another strain can cause a pandemic .
Other studies indicate a recurrence rate as low as 3%. [13] In the US, greater than 200,000 surgeries are performed each year for pelvic organ prolapse and 81% of these are to correct cystocele. [14] [11] Cystocele occurs most frequently compared to the prolapse of other pelvic organs and structure. [13] [14] Cystocele is found to be three times as common as vaginal vault prolapse and twice as often as posterior vaginal wall defects.
The latest model, PINK-E, which applies to patients treated with recently defined regimens, lists 5 risk factors (age >60, state III or IV disease, no nasal involvement, distant lymph node involvement, and detectable blood levels of EBV DNA) to define patients as low, intermediate, and high risk based on their having 0–1, 2, or 3–5 risk factors, respectively. ... PMC 5391564 . PMID 28410601 . ^ Shannon-Lowe C, Rickinson AB, Bell AI (October 2017).
Other factors that may be linked to development of childhood leukemia include: family history of blood cancers, maternal alcohol abuse, parental cigarette use, prior loss of pregnancy in the mother, older age of the mother, high birth weight, low birth weight, exposure to benzene, exposure to pesticides, and infections.
They have only one major histocompatibility complex , whereas the cancerous cells have both. [44] Oocyte banking may be useful in the conservation effort for Tasmanian devils, as the survival rate of cryopreserved oocytes is 70%. [45] History [ edit ] Spread of the disease as of 2015 [46] In 1996, a photographer from The Netherlands captured several images of devils with facial tumours near Mount William in Tasmania's northeast. [47] Around the same time, farmers reported a decline in devil numbers. [48] Menna Jones first encountered the disease in 1999 near Little Swanport , in 2001 capturing three devils with facial tumours on the Freycinet Peninsula . [49] The theory that cancer cells themselves could be an infective agent (the Allograft Theory [50] ) was first offered in 2006 by Pearse , Swift and colleagues, [51] who analysed DFTD cells from devils in several locations, determining that all DFTD cells sampled were genetically identical to each other, and genetically distinct from their hosts and from all other individual Tasmanian devils whose genetics had been studied; this allowed them to conclude that the cancer originated from a single individual and spread from it, rather than arising repeatedly, and independently. [50] [52] Twenty-one different subtypes have been identified by analysing the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of 104 tumours from different Tasmanian devils. [20] Researchers have also witnessed a previously-uninfected devil develop tumours from lesions caused by an infected devil's bites, supporting the contention that the disease is spread by allograft, with transmission via biting, scratching, and aggressive sexual activity between individuals. [53] During biting, infection can spread from the bitten devil to the biter. [54] Initially, it was suspected that devils had low genetic diversity, so that their immune system did not recognise the tumour cells as foreign. [24] However, it was later demonstrated that devils are sufficiently genetically diverse to mount a strong immune response to foreign tissue. [24] Since June 2005, three females have been found that are partially resistant to DFTD. [55] The devil population on the peninsula decreased dramatically.
Jones of the Tennessee Department of Health compiles the following symptoms based on their commonality in outbreaks occurring in 1980–1990: [8] Symptom Percent reporting Headache 67 Dizziness or light-headedness 46 Nausea 41 Abdominal cramps or pain 39 Cough 31 Fatigue, drowsiness or weakness 31 Sore or burning throat 30 Hyperventilation or difficulty breathing 19 Watery or irritated eyes 13 Chest tightness/chest pain 12 Inability to concentrate/trouble thinking 11 Vomiting 10 Tingling, numbness or paralysis 10 Anxiety or nervousness 8 Diarrhea 7 Trouble with vision 7 Rash 4 Loss of consciousness/ syncope 4 Itching 3 Prevalence and intensity [ edit ] Adolescents and children are frequently affected in cases of MPI. [8] The hypothesis that those prone to extroversion or neuroticism , or those with low IQ scores, are more likely to be affected in an outbreak of hysterical epidemic has not been consistently supported by research.
Overview Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through stool (feces). Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food. Some people with salmonella infection have no symptoms. Most people develop diarrhea, fever and stomach (abdominal) cramps within 8 to 72 hours after exposure. Most healthy people recover within a few days to a week without specific treatment.
Rare form of salmonellosis is a group of rare invasive salmonellosis that includes infection with Salmonella enterica typhoidal species ( S. typhi and S. paratyphi) that results in enteric fever, and infection by invasive non-typhoidal species (typically strains of S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis) which have a high burden amongst immunocompromised or malnourished individuals, and results in bacteriemia, systemic febrile disease, and variable manifestations including lower respiratory tract infection and splenomegaly.
If the parents do not have the affected gene, the recurrence risk appears to be low. [26] In following generations, the severity of the clinical symptoms increases. [21] Prenatal diagnosis [ edit ] Mutations in the main genes responsible for TCS can be detected with chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis.
By having leucoreduced blood packets, the patient is at a lower risk to develop adverse reactions by contaminated white cells and preventing platelet alloimmunisation. [42] Pre-storage filtration of whole blood offers high efficiency for removal and low residual of leukocytes; It is the preferred method of leucoreduction compared to pre-transfusion and bedside filtration.
Beta-thalassemia (BT) major is a severe early-onset form of BT (see this term) characterized by severe anemia requiring regular red blood cell transfusions. Epidemiology The annual incidence of symptomatic cases is estimated at 1/100,000 worldwide and 1/10,000 in the EU. The prevalence of this form is not known. Clinical description Onset is during infancy with severe anemia, failure to thrive and progressive pallor. Feeding problems, diarrhea, irritability, recurrent bouts of fever, and progressive enlargement of the abdomen caused by splenomegaly and hepatomegaly may occur. Untreated or poorly transfused patients show growth retardation, pallor, jaundice, poor musculature, genu valgum, leg ulcers, formation of masses due to extramedullary hematopoiesis, and skeletal changes including deformities in the long bones of the legs and typical craniofacial changes such as bossing of the skull, prominent malar eminence, depression of the bridge of the nose, tendency to a mongoloid slant of the eye, and maxillae hypertrophy, which tends to expose upper teeth.
Public awareness on the need to seek a medical assessment for these non-focal symptoms is also low, and can result in a delay by patients to seek treatment [9] Symptoms of TIAs can last on the order of minutes to one–two hours, but occasionally may last for a longer period of time. [10] [2] TIAs used to be defined as ischemic events in the brain that last less than 24 hours, but given the variation in duration of symptoms, this definition holds less significance. [2] A pooled study of 808 patients with TIAs from 10 hospitals showed that 60% lasted less than one hour, 71% lasted less than two hours, and 14% lasted greater than six hours. [11] Importantly, patients with symptoms that last more than one hour are more likely to have permanent neurologic damage, making prompt diagnosis and treatment important to maximize recovery. [2] Cause [ edit ] The most common underlying pathology leading to TIA and stroke is a cardiac condition called atrial fibrillation , where poor coordination of contraction leads to a formation of a clot in the atrial chamber that can become dislodged and travel to a cerebral artery . [12] [13] Unlike in stroke , the blood flow can become restored prior to infarction which leads to the resolution of neurologic symptoms. [5] [12] Another common culprit of TIA is an atherosclerotic plaque located in the common carotid artery , typically by the bifurcation between the internal and external carotids, that becomes an embolism to the brain vasculature similar to the clot in the prior example. [12] [13] A portion of the plaque can become dislodged and lead to embolic pathology in the cerebral vessels. [12] In-situ thrombosis , an obstruction that forms directly in the cerebral vasculature unlike the remote embolism previously mentioned, is another vascular occurrence with possible presentation as TIA. [12] Also, carotid stenosis secondary to atherosclerosis narrowing the diameter of the lumen and thus limiting blood flow is another common cause of TIA. [12] Individuals with carotid stenosis may present with TIA symptoms, thus labeled symptomatic, while others may not experience symptoms and be asymptomatic. [5] [12] [13] Risk factors [ edit ] Risk factors associated with TIA are categorized as modifiable or non-modifiable.
The presence of antibodies to the surface antigen, which are considered to be a marker of immunity, does not preclude reactivation. [99] Treatment with prophylactic antiviral drugs can prevent the serious morbidity associated with HBV disease reactivation. [99] Epidemiology [ edit ] Prevalence of hepatitis B virus as of 2005 Hepatitis B incidence rate in 2017. [101] At least 391 million people, or 5% of the world's population, had chronic HBV infection as of 2017. [5] While another 145 million cases of acute HBV infection occurred that year. [5] Regional prevalences range from around 6% in Africa to 0.7% in the Americas. [102] Routes of infection include vertical transmission (such as through childbirth), early life horizontal transmission (bites, lesions, and sanitary habits), and adult horizontal transmission (sexual contact, intravenous drug use). [103] The primary method of transmission reflects the prevalence of chronic HBV infection in a given area. In low prevalence areas such as the continental United States and Western Europe, injection drug abuse and unprotected sex are the primary methods, although other factors may also be important. [104] In moderate prevalence areas, which include Eastern Europe, Russia, and Japan, where 2–7% of the population is chronically infected, the disease is predominantly spread among children. ... A particular Hepatitis B subgenotype C4 is present in Australian aborigines, and nowhere else in South East Asia, suggesting an ancient origin as much as 50,000 years old. [111] [112] Other studies have confirmed that the virus was present in humans 40,000 years ago, and co-spread with them. [113] The earliest record of an epidemic caused by hepatitis B virus was made by Lurman in 1885. [114] An outbreak of smallpox occurred in Bremen in 1883 and 1,289 shipyard employees were vaccinated with lymph from other people.
Overview Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). For most people, hepatitis B is short term, also called acute, and lasts less than six months. But for others, the infection becomes chronic, meaning it lasts more than six months. Having chronic hepatitis B increases your risk of developing liver failure, liver cancer or cirrhosis — a condition that permanently scars the liver. Most adults with hepatitis B recover fully, even if their symptoms are severe.
To cope with and ease the produced existential anxiety, humans will pursue either literal or symbolic immortality. [18] Religion often falls under the category of literal immortality, but at times, depending on the religion, can also provide both forms of immortality. [18] Through Terror Management Theory, and other death-focused theories, there is a distinct pattern that develops indicating that those who are either very low or very high in religiosity experience much lower levels of death anxiety, meanwhile those with a very moderate amount of religiosity experience the highest levels of death anxiety. [18] One of the major reasons that religiosity plays such a large role in Terror Management Theory, as well as in similar theories, is the increase in existential death anxiety that people experience.
The school responded to the outbreak by cutting down the trees around the school, believing they were home to supernatural spirits. [54] Starehe Girls Centre, Kenya (October 2019) – 52 students were isolated with an unknown disease, showing symptoms of a high-pitched cough, sneezing and low-grade fever, a number that later rose to 68. [55] As the number rose, the school's administration shut the school down and instructed parents to pick up their daughters. ... Kennedy (1968) Juscelino Kubitschek (1976) Pope John Paul I (1978) Airey Neave (1979) Francisco de Sá Carneiro and Adelino Amaro da Costa (1980) Olof Palme (1986) Zia-ul-Haq (1988) Vince Foster (1993) Yitzhak Rabin (1995) Diana, Princess of Wales (1997) Nepalese royal family (2001) Jeffrey Epstein (2019) Chan Yin-lam (2019) False flag attacks USS Maine (1898) RMS Lusitania (1915) Reichstag fire (1933) Pearl Harbor (1941) USS Liberty (1967) Widerøe Flight 933 (1982) KAL Flight 007 (1983) Mozambican presidential jet (1986) Pan Am Flight 103 (1988) Oklahoma City bombing (1995) 9/11 attacks (2001) Advance knowledge WTC collapse Madrid train bombing (2004) London bombings (2005) Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (2014) Various deaths and disappearances RMS Titanic (1912) Phar Lap (1932) Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw (1940s) Mass murder of German POWs after World War II (1940s) Adolf Hitler's death (1945) Yemenite Children (1948–54) Cairo Fire (1952) Dyatlov Pass incident (1959) Lost Cosmonauts (1950s / 1960s) Elvis Presley's death (1977) Jonestown (1978) Satanic ritual abuse MS Estonia (1994) Kurt Cobain (1994) Hello Garci scandal Osama bin Laden (2011) Lahad Datu, Malaysia standoff (2013) Zamboanga City crisis (2013) Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (2014) New World Order Black helicopters Cultural Marxists theories Denver International Airport Eurabia Georgia Guidestones Illuminati Judeo-Masonic plot Jews The Protocols of the Elders of Zion Kalergi Plan Freemasons North American Union Catholics Jesuits Vatican ODESSA Rothschild family Skull and Bones The Fellowship Zionist Occupation Government By region Conspiracy theories in the Arab world Israeli animal theories Conspiracy theories in Turkey UFOs Alien abduction Area 51 Bermuda Triangle Black Knight satellite Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis Extraterrestrial hypothesis Interdimensional hypothesis Dulce Base Estimate of the Situation (1948) Majestic 12 Men in black Nazi UFOs Project Serpo Reptilian humanoids Incidents Tunguska (1908) Foo Fighters (1940s) Los Angeles (1942) Ghost Rockets (1946) Maury Island (1947) Roswell (1947) Gorman Dogfight (1948) Mantell (1948) McMinnville (1950) Lubbock (1951) Washington, D.C. (1952) Barney and Betty Hill Abduction (1961) Kecksburg (1965) Westall (1966) Jimmy Carter (1969) Frederick Valentich (1978) Rendlesham Forest (1980) Cash-Landrum (1980) Japan Air Lines (1986) Varginha (1996) Phoenix Lights (1997) USS Nimitz (2004) Chicago (2006) United States government 1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning Apollo Moon landings Barack Obama's citizenship / religion / parentage Belgrade Chinese embassy bombing (1999) Black genocide Business Plot Clinton Body Count CIA-Kennedy assassination link Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden Dulles' Plan FEMA concentration camps HAARP Jade Helm 15 (2015) Montauk Project October Surprise (1980) Pizzagate (2016) Philadelphia Experiment (1943) Project Azorian (1974) QAnon Sandy Hook shooting (2012) Seth Rich (2016) Sovereign citizen / Redemption movement Stop the Steal (2020) Spygate (2016,18) Vast right-wing conspiracy Vietnam War POW / MIA issue TWA Flight 800 (1996) Health Big Pharma conspiracy theory HIV/AIDS denialism Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories OPV AIDS hypothesis SARS (2003) COVID-19 pandemic Anti-vaccination Vaccines and autism MMR vaccine and autism Chemtrail conspiracy theory Water fluoridation controversy GMO conspiracy theories Wind turbine syndrome Electronic harassment Energy, environment Free energy suppression conspiracy theory Global warming conspiracy theory Other 2012 phenomenon Agenda 21 (1992) Andinia Plan Black genocide Cancellation of the Avro Arrow (1959) Bible Clockwork Orange (1970s) Conspiracy Encyclopedia "Death" of Paul McCartney (1969) Judeo-Bolshevism Judeopolonia Homintern Homosexual recruitment Kalergi Plan Knights Templar Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet (1987) Love Jihad Mexican Reconquista New Coke (1985) Phantom time / New Chronology Red mercury Soft coup George Soros War against Islam White genocide See also Denial of mass killings (list) Genocide denial v t e Speculative fiction Science fiction Media Comics Films list Magazines list Television Creators list Authors Editors Studies Awards Definitions History Subgenres Alternate history Apocalyptic/post-apocalyptic Climate fiction Comic/comedy Cyberpunk ( derivatives ) Dying Earth Feminist Future history Military Space opera Space Western Tech-noir Themes Afrofuturism Aliens AI Frankenstein Parallel universes Planets Time travel Utopia/dystopia Space pirates Terraforming Terraforming in popular culture Subculture Community Gathering list Fantasy Media Anime Art Fantastic Comics Fantasy film Literature Magazines Television Creators Authors Studies High fantasy ( Tolkienology ) History Sources Subgenres Bangsian Comic Contemporary Dark Dying Earth Fairytale Folklore mythology (based) Gaslamp Hard Heroic High Historical Lost world Low Medieval Romantic Sword and sorcery Urban Tropes Fantasy races Fantasy worlds Legendary creatures Magic (fantasy) Magician (fantasy) Norse mythology Magic item Quest Occult detective Horror Media Comics Films list Magazines Television programs Video games Subgenres Body Goosebumps Lovecraftian Mass hysteria Psychological Splatterpunk Queer Urban legend Tropes Gargoyle Vampires list Werewolves General Authors of color Gender Japanese authors Sexuality Homosexuality Reproduction and pregnancy Women Related Science fantasy Fantastique Magic realism Slipstream Techno-thriller Portal Category v t e Worldview Related terms Basic beliefs / Beliefs Collective consciousness / Collective unconscious Conceptual system Context Conventions Cultural movement Epic poetry / National epics Facts and factoids Framing Ideology Life stance Lifestyle Memes / Memeplex Mental model Metanarrative Mindset Norms Paradigm Philosophical theory Point of view Presuppositions Reality tunnel Received view Schemata School of thought Set Social reality Theory of everything Umwelt Value system Aspects Biases Academic Attentional Attitude polarization Belief Cognitive ( list ) Collective narcissism Confirmation Congruence Cryptomnesia Cultural Ethnocentrism Filter bubble Homophily In-group favoritism Magical thinking Media Observer-expectancy Observational error Selective exposure Selective perception Self-deception Self-fulfilling prophecy ( Clever Hans effect , placebo effect , wishful thinking ) Status quo Stereotyping Change and maintenance Activism Argument Argumentum ad populum Attitude change Censorship Charisma Circular reporting Cognitive dissonance Critical thinking Crowd manipulation Cultural dissonance Deprogramming Echo chamber Education ( religious , values ) Euphemism Excommunication Fearmongering Historical revisionism Ideological repression Indoctrination Media manipulation Media regulation Mind control Missionaries Moral entrepreneurship Persuasion Polite fiction Political engineering Propaganda Propaganda model Proselytism Psychological manipulation Psychological warfare Religious conversion ( forced ) Religious persecution Religious uniformity Revolutions Rhetoric Self-censorship Social change Social control Social engineering Social influence Social progress Suppression of dissent Systemic bias Woozle effect Culture Anthropology ( cultural , social ) Calendars Ceremonies Coronations Cross-cultural psychology Cultural psychology Doctrine Employment / Serfdom / Slavery Families Funerals / Burial Games Holidays Hygiene ( ritual ) Identity (philosophy) ( cultural ) Institutions Liminality Liturgy Marriage Myth and ritual Oaths Pilgrimages Play Rites of passage ( secular ) Rituals Social class / Social status / Caste Symbols Symbolic boundaries Worship Groupthink Abilene paradox Bandwagon effect Collectives Collective behavior ( animal ) Collective effervescence Collective intelligence Conformity Consensus theory Crowd psychology Cults Culture-bound syndromes Deindividuation Democracy Emergence Emotional contagion Entitativity False-consensus effect Folie à deux Group action Group dynamics Group emotion Group polarization Groupshift Herd behavior Holism Hysterical contagion Information cascade Invisible hand Lynching Majoritarianism / Ochlocracy Mass action Mass hysteria Mass psychogenic illness Milieu control Mobbing Moral panic Organizations Peer pressure Pluralistic ignorance Political correctness Pseudoconsensus Scapegoating Self-organization Social action Social behavior Social emotions Social exclusion Social facilitation ( animal ) Social group Social proof Social psychology Sociology Spontaneous order Status quo Stigmergy Swarm behaviour System justification Viral phenomena Knowledge Axioms ( tacit assumptions ) Conceptual framework Epistemology ( outline ) Evidence ( anecdotal , scientific ) Explanations Faith ( fideism ) Gnosis Intuition Meaning-making Memory Metaknowledge Methodology Observation Observational learning Perception Reasoning ( fallacious , logic ) Revelation Testimony Tradition ( folklore ) Truth ( consensus theory , criteria ) World disclosure Metaphysics Ætiology Afterlife Anima mundi Being Causality Concepts Consciousness ( mind–body problem ) Cosmogony Cosmology ( religious ) Creation myth Deities ( existence ) Destiny Eschatology Everything / Nothing Evolution Existence Fiction / Non-fiction Free will Future History Ideas Idios kosmos Illusions Incarnation Information Intelligence Magic Matter Miracles Mythology ( comparative ) National mythoi Nature ( philosophical ) Ontology Origin myths ( political myths ) Otherworlds ( axes mundi ) Problem of evil Physics ( natural philosophy ) Reality Souls Spirit Supernature Teleology Theology Time Unobservables Value Æsthetics Almsgiving / Charity Altruism Autonomy Beauty Codes of conduct Comedy Common good Conscience Consent Creativity Disgust Duty Economics Ecstasy ( emotional , religious ) Elegance Emotions ( æsthetic ) Entertainment Eroticism Ethics Étiquette Family values Food and drink prohibitions ( unclean animals ) Golden Rule Guilt / Culpability Happiness Harmony Honour Human rights Judgement Justice Laws ( jurisprudence , religious ) Liberty ( political freedom ) Love Magnificence Maxims Meaning of life Morality ( public ) Obligations Peace Piety Praxeology Principles Punishment Qualities Repentance Reverence Rights Sexuality ( ethics ) Sin Social stigma Stewardship Styles Sublime, The Suffering Sympathy Taboo Taste Theodicy Trust Unspoken rules Virtues and Vices Works of art Wrongdoing Examples Attitudes Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz Economic and political ideologies Authoritarianism Anarchism Capitalism Christian democracy Collectivism Colonialism Communalism Communism Communitarianism Conservatism Constitutionalism Distributism Environmentalism Extremism Fanaticism Fascism Feminism Fundamentalism Globalism Green politics Imperialism Individualism Industrialism Intellectualism Islamism Liberalism Libertarianism Masculism Militarism Monarchism Nationalism Pacifism Progressivism Radicalism Reformism Republicanism Sentientism Social democracy Socialism Utilitarianism Veganism Religions African traditional religions Baháʼí Buddhism Cao Dai Cheondoism Chinese traditional religions Christianity Ethnic religions Hòa Hảo Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Korean shamanism Neo-Paganism Rastafarianism Secular / Nonreligious / Agnostic / Atheist Shinto Sikhism Spiritism Taoism Tenrikyo Tenriism Unitarian Universalism Zoroastrianism Schools of philosophy Agriculturalism Aristotelianism Atomism Averroism Cartesianism Cārvāka Collectivism Confucianism / New Confucianism Critical theory Cynicism Cyrenaics Determinism Dualism Eleatics Empiricism Eretrian school Epicureanism Existentialism Foundationalism Hedonism Hegelianism Hermeneutics Historicism / New Historicism Holism Humanism / Renaissance humanism Illuminationism ʿIlm al-Kalām Idealism Individualism Ionian Kantianism / Neo-Kantianism Kokugaku Legalism Logicians Materialism Mohism Megarian school Modernism / Postmodernism Monism Natural Law Naturalism (Chinese) Naturalism (western) Nihilism Peripatetic Phenomenology Platonism / Neoplatonism Pluralism Positivism Pragmatism Presocratic Pyrrhonism Pythagoreanism / Neopythagoreanism Rationalism Reductionism Scholasticism / Neo-Scholasticism Sentientism Social constructionism Sophism Spinozism Stoicism Structuralism / Post-structuralism Thomism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism Yangism
The limits of the affected areas are not well defined, since the disease is at a low incidence and the amount of sampling may not be adequate to detect it.
This is the main source of circulating pyrophosphate (PPi), and individuals affected by PXE have strongly reduced plasma PPi levels, explaining their mineralization disorder. [19] One study suggested that mutations causing total absence of an ABCC6 protein caused a more severe disease, [20] but this could not be confirmed in a subsequent case series. [21] Given the variations in age of onset and severity it is likely that other unknown risk factors (genetic, environmental, and lifestyle) may be involved. [3] Premature atherosclerosis is also associated with mutations in the ABCC6 gene, even in those without PXE. [22] A syndrome almost indistinguishable from hereditary PXE has been described in patients with hemoglobinopathies ( sickle-cell disease and thalassemia ) through a poorly understood mechanism. [3] In addition, there appears to be another PXE-like syndrome with a similar phenotype but as a result of problems with another gene, gamma-glutamyl carboxylase . [23] Mutations in ABCC6 can also cause generalized arterial calcification of infancy. [24] In some cases of PXE, mutations in ABCC6 cannot be found, and other genes such as ENPP1 may be implicated [25] Pathophysiology [ edit ] In PXE, there is mineralization (accumulation of calcium and other minerals) and fragmentation of the elastin -containing fibers in connective tissue , but primarily in the midlaminar layer of the dermis, Bruch's membrane and the midsized arteries . [26] Recent studies have confirmed that PXE is a metabolic disease, and that its features arise because metabolites of vitamin K cannot reach peripheral tissues. [27] Low levels of PPi cause mineralization in peripheral tissues. [19] Diagnosis [ edit ] Histopathology of pseudoxanthoma elasticum: Fragmentation and calcification of middermal elastic fibers on Alizarin Red staining. [28] The diagnostic criteria for PXE are the typical skin biopsy appearance and the presence of angioid streaks in the retina.
Less than 1.5% of the general population score above 65 on the PI20 and less than 65% on the CFMT. [20] Treatment [ edit ] There are no widely accepted treatments. [21] Prognosis [ edit ] Management strategies for acquired prosopagnosia, such as a person who has difficulty recognizing people's faces after a stroke, generally have a low rate of success. [21] Acquired prosopagnosia sometimes spontaneously resolves on its own. [21] History [ edit ] Selective inabilities to recognize faces were documented as early as the 19th century, and included case studies by Hughlings Jackson and Charcot .
It was also found that suicide attempts were less common among transgender people who said their family ties had remained strong after they came out, but even transgender people at comparatively low risk were still much more likely to have attempted suicide than the general population. [18] Transgender people are also at heightened risk for eating disorders [19] and substance abuse . [20] Causes [ edit ] Main article: Causes of transsexuality A twin study (based on seven people in a 314 sample) suggested that GD may be associated with genetic factors. [21] Diagnosis [ edit ] The American Psychiatric Association permits a diagnosis of gender dysphoria in adolescents or adults if two or more of the following criteria are experienced for at least six months' duration: [17] A strong desire to be of a gender other than one's assigned gender A strong desire to be treated as a gender other than one's assigned gender A significant incongruence between one's experienced or expressed gender and one's sexual characteristics A strong desire for the sexual characteristics of a gender other than one's assigned gender A strong desire to be rid of one's sexual characteristics due to incongruence with one's experienced or expressed gender A strong conviction that one has the typical reactions and feelings of a gender other than one's assigned gender In addition, the condition must be associated with clinically significant distress or impairment. [17] The DSM-5 moved this diagnosis out of the sexual disorders category and into a category of its own. [17] The diagnosis was renamed from gender identity disorder to gender dysphoria, after criticisms that the former term was stigmatizing. [22] Subtyping by sexual orientation was deleted.