Molecular Genetic Testing Used in Pachyonychia Congenita (PC) View in own window Gene 1 Proportion of PC Attributed to Pathogenic Variants in Gene 2, 3 Proportion of Pathogenic Variants 4 Detectable by Method Sequence analysis 5 Gene-targeted deletion/duplication analysis 6 KRT6A 304/774 (39%) >99% Unknown 7 KRT6B 70/774 (9%) >99% Unknown 7 KRT6C 22/774 (3%) >99% Unknown 7 KRT16 247/774 (32%) >99% Unknown 7 KRT17 8 130/774 (17%) >99% Unknown 7 1. ... See Molecular Genetics for information on allelic variants detected in this gene. 5. Sequence analysis detects variants that are benign, likely benign, of uncertain significance, likely pathogenic, or pathogenic. ... International Pachyonychia Congenita Research Registry (IPCRR) Data Summary (as of 10 May 2017) View in own window Gene in Which Pathogenic Variants Were Confirmed KRT6A KRT6B KRT6C KRT16 KRT17 TOTAL Number evaluated for finding 1 304 71 22 247 130 774 Toenails thickened 10 toenails 286 (94%) 26 (37%) 0 (00%) 99 (40%) 100 (77%) 511 (66%) 7-9 toenails 9 (03%) 14 (20%) 0 (00%) 52 (21%) 11 (08%) 86 (11%) 4-6 toenails 2 (01%) 21 (30%) 3 (14%) 63 (26%) 7 (05%) 96 (12%) 1-3 toenails 4 (01%) 9 (13%) 10 (45%) 44 (18%) 8 (06%) 75 (10%) Total w/toenails thickened 301 (99%) 70 (99%) 13 (59%) 238 (96%) 126 (97%) 748 (97%) Age at onset Birth - <1 yr 264 (88%) 10 (14%) 1 (08%) 45 (19%) 92 (73%) 412 (54%) 1-4 yrs 33 (11%) 19 (27%) 6 (46%) 78 (33%) 24 (19%) 160 (21%) 5-14 yrs 4 (01%) 34 (49%) 4 (31%) 74 (31%) 10 (08%) 126 (17%) ≥15 yrs 0 (00%) 7 (10%) 2 (15%) 43 (18%) 1 (01%) 53 (07%) Fingernails thickened 10 fingernails 271 (89%) 4 (06%) 0 (00%) 73 (30%) 62 (48%) 410 (53%) 7-9 fingernails 10 (03%) 4 (06%) 0 (00%) 11 (04%) 13 (10%) 38 (05%) 4-6 fingernails 14 (05%) 17 (24%) 0 (00%) 30 (12%) 28 (22%) 89 (11%) 1-3 fingernails 6 (02%) 7 (10%) 0 (00%) 28 (11%) 9 (07%) 50 (06%) Total w/fingernails thickened 301 (99%) 32 (45%) 0 (00%) 142 (57%) 112 (86%) 587 (76%) Age at onset Birth - <1 yr 267 (89%) 4 (13%) 0 (00%) 33 (23%) 85 (76%) 389 (66%) 1-4 yrs 30 (10%) 8 (25%) 0 (00%) 42 (30%) 19 (17%) 99 (17%) 5-14 yrs 3 (01%) 11 (34%) 0 (00%) 34 (24%) 6 (05%) 54 (09%) ≥15 yrs 1 (00%) 10 (31%) 0 (00%) 34 (24%) 3 (03%) 48 (08%) Plantar keratoderma Always (never completely goes away) 254 (84%) 67 (94%) 19 (86%) 240 (97%) 86 (66%) 666 (86%) Sometimes (feet clear up completely at times) 7 (02%) 1 (01%) 0 (00%) 1 (00%) 14 (11%) 23 (03%) Seldom (feet usually clear of symptoms) 5 (02%) 0 (00%) 0 (00%) 0 (00%) 4 (03%) 9 (01%) Total w/plantar keratoderma 266 (88%) 68 (96%) 19 (86%) 241 (98%) 104 (80%) 698 (90%) Age at onset Birth - <1 yr 39 (15%) 2 (03%) 1 (05%) 23 (10%) 12 (12%) 77 (11%) 1-4 yrs 152 (57%) 23 (34%) 9 (47%) 130 (54%) 35 (34%) 349 (50%) 5-14 yrs 70 (26%) 42 (62%) 9 (47%) 82 (34%) 43 (41%) 246 (35%) ≥15 yrs 5 (02%) 1 (01%) 0 (00%) 8 (03%) 15 (14%) 29 (04%) Plantar pain w/plantar keratoderma 2 Often require medication for pain 65 (24%) 12 (18%) 5 (26%) 74 (31%) 19 (18%) 175 (25%) Very painful, but do not use medication 114 (43%) 32 (47%) 11 (58%) 111 (46%) 34 (33%) 302 (43%) Somewhat painful 77 (29%) 24 (35%) 3 (16%) 50 (21%) 36 (35%) 190 (27%) Total w/plantar keratoderma/pain 256 (96%) 68 (100%) 19 (100%) 235 (98%) 89 (86%) 667 (96%) Palmar keratoderma Always (never completely goes away) 86 (28%) 11 (15%) 2 (09%) 148 (60%) 21 (16%) 268 (35%) Sometimes (hands clear up completely at times) 32 (11%) 7 (10%) 1 (05%) 15 (06%) 22 (17%) 77 (10%) Seldom (hands usually clear of symptoms) 49 (16%) 13 (18%) 3 (14%) 22 (09%) 27 (21%) 114 (15%) Total w/palmar keratoderma 167 (55%) 31 (44%) 6 (27%) 185 (75%) 70 (54%) 459 (59%) Additional findings Oral leukokeratosis 269 (88%) 18 (25%) 4 (18%) 88 (36%) 34 (26%) 413 (53%) Cysts 188 (62%) 49 (69%) 4 (18%) 64 (26%) 121 (93%) 426 (55%) Follicular hyperkeratosis 162 (53%) 30 (42%) 0 (00%) 30 (12%) 86 (66%) 308 (40%) Natal or prenatal teeth 12 (04%) 0 (00%) 0 (00%) 0 (00%) 99 (76%) 111 (14%) 1.

Epithelioma Advanced unspecified epithelioma of the face Specialty Oncology Epithelioma is an abnormal growth of the epithelium , which is the layer of tissue that covers the surfaces of organs and other structures of the body. [1] Contents 1 Classification 2 Treatment 3 Prognosis 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Classification [ edit ] Epitheliomas can be benign growths or malignant carcinomas . ... PMID 6823454 . ^ "Deaths in the district of Inveresk and Musselburgh in the County of Edinburgh" . Statutory Deaths 689/00 0032 . ScotlandsPeople . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD-O : 8011/0, 8011/3 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epithelioma .

Clin Dermatol . 19 (1): 69–71. doi : 10.1016/S0738-081X(00)00215-7 . PMID 11369491 . ^ "Drugs that call for extra caution. ... Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen . 94 (25): 1544–5. PMID 4424846 . ^ KLE HON; TF LEUNG (2008). ... BC Decker. p. 100. ISBN 1-55009-125-5 . ^ Diamond, Seymour; Diamond, Amy (2001). ... New York: Simon Schuster. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-684-87309-1 . ^ M.d. Kamath, Bob (30 May 2007). ... Kendall Hunt Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-7872-8701-6 . ^ Ashton CH (2002).

Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Structure 4 Treatment 5 Prognosis 6 Epidemiology 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Cervical polyps often show no symptoms. [2] Where there are symptoms, they include intermenstrual bleeding, abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding ( menorrhagia ), vaginal bleeding in post- menopausal women, bleeding after sex and thick white vaginal or yellowish discharge ( leukorrhoea ). [3] [4] [5] [6] Cause [ edit ] The cause of cervical polyps is uncertain, but they are often associated with inflammation of the cervix. [7] They may also occur as a result of raised levels of estrogen or clogged cervical blood vessels. [3] Diagnosis [ edit ] Cervical polyps can be seen during a pelvic examination as red or purple projections from the cervical canal . [3] Diagnosis can be confirmed by a cervical biopsy which will reveal the nature of the cells present. [3] Structure [ edit ] Cervical polyps are finger-like growths, generally less than 1 cm in diameter. [3] [4] They are generally bright red in colour, with a spongy texture. [2] They may be attached to the cervix by a stalk (pedunculated) and occasionally prolapse into the vagina where they can be mistaken for endometrial polyps or submucosal fibroids . [4] Treatment [ edit ] Cervical polyps can be removed using ring forceps . [8] They can also be removed by tying surgical string around the polyp and cutting it off. [3] The remaining base of the polyp can then be removed using a laser or by cauterisation . [3] If the polyp is infected, an antibiotic may be prescribed. [3] Prognosis [ edit ] 99% of cervical polyps will remain benign and 1% will at some point show neoplastic change. [9] Cervical polyps are unlikely to regrow. [3] Epidemiology [ edit ] Cervical polyps are most common in women who have had children and perimenopausal women. [2] They are rare in pre-menstrual girls and uncommon in post-menopausal women. [6] See also [ edit ] Endometrial polyp References [ edit ] ^ Boon, Mathilde E.; Albert J. ... Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 254–256. ISBN 0-7817-3905-5 . ^ a b c d e f g h i Smith, Melanie N. (2006-05-10). ... Cambridge University Press . p. 77. ISBN 1-900151-51-0 . ^ Papadakis, Maxine A.; Stephen J. ... McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 60. ISBN 0-07-145892-1 . ^ a b Bosze, Peter; David M. ... Informa Health Care. p. 66. ISBN 963-00-7356-0 . ^ "Cervical Polyps" (PDF) .

It is most frequently found on the nose, cheeks, ears, dorsum of the hand, and arms (places that are most exposed to light). [3] Contents 1 Causes 2 Natural History 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Causes [ edit ] Hydroa vacciniforme is commonly associated with reactivation of a latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) formerly acquired by an asymptomatic or infectious mononucleosis -causing infection]]. ... These cases of EBV+ HV may progress to another EBV+ lymphoproliferative disease such as T cell lymphoma , T cell leukemia , B cell lymphoma , and B cell leukemia . [4] [5] Natural History [ edit ] In many children hydroa vacciniforme (HV) regresses spontaneously by early adulthood. ... Feb, 42(2 Pt 1) (2): 208–13. doi : 10.1016/s0190-9622(00)90127-0 . PMID 10642674 . ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology . Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0 . ^ Rezk SA, Zhao X, Weiss LM (September 2018). ... "Pathogenic link between hydroa vacciniforme and Epstein-Barr virus-associated hematologic disorders". Arch. Dermatol . May, 142(5): 587–95. ^ Lysell J, Edström DW, Linde A, Carlsson G, Malmros-Svennilson J, Westermark A, Andersson J, Wahlgren CF (2009).

Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Pathophysiology 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Prognosis 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] The disease presents with the widespread formation of fluid-filled blisters that are thin walled and easily ruptured, and the patient can be positive for Nikolsky's sign . ... The Lancet . 156 (4011): 89–95. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)65681-7 . ^ Weisse, Martin E (31 December 2000). ... The Lancet . 357 (9252): 299–301. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03623-0 . PMID 11214144 . S2CID 35896288 . ^ Powell, KR (January 1979). ... The Journal of Pediatrics . 78 (6): 958–67. doi : 10.1016/S0022-3476(71)80425-0 . PMID 4252715 . ^ Morens, David M; Katz, Alan R; Melish, Marian E (31 May 2001). ... The Lancet . 357 (9273): 2059. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)05151-5 . PMID 11441870 . S2CID 35925579 .

The hypoglycemia is the result of the tumors producing insulin-like growth factor 2 . [2] The syndrome was first described in 1930, by Karl Walter Doege (1867–1932), a German-American physician [3] and by Roy Pilling Potter (1879–1968), an American radiologist, working independently; [4] the full term Doege–Potter syndrome was infrequently used until the publication of a 2000 article [5] using the eponym . [6] DPS is rare (as of 1976, less than one hundred cases were described [7] ), with a malignancy rate of 12–15%. Actual rates of hypoglycemia associated with a fibrous tumor are quite rare (a 1981 study of 360 solitary fibrous tumors of the lungs found that only 4% caused hypoglycemia [8] ), and are linked to large tumors with high rates of mitosis . [9] Removal of the tumor will normally resolve the symptoms. [1] [9] Tumors causing DPS tend to be quite large; [10] in one case a 3 kg (6.6 lb), 23×21×12 cm (9.1×8.3×4.7 in) mass was removed, sufficiently large to cause a collapsed lung . [5] In X-rays , they appear as a single mass with visible, defined borders, appearing at the edges of the lungs or a fissure dividing the lobes of the lungs. [10] Similar hypoglycemic effects have been related to mesenchymal tumors. [6] References [ edit ] ^ a b Balduyck B, Lauwers P, Govaert K, Hendriks J, De Maeseneer M, Van Schil P (July 2006). ... "Fibrosarcoma of the mediastinum" . Ann Surg . 92 (5): 955–960. PMC 1398259 . PMID 17866430 . ^ Roy M, Burns MV, Overly DJ, Curd BT (November 1992). ... Surg . 119 (1): 185–7. doi : 10.1016/S0022-5223(00)70242-X . PMID 10612786 . Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. ^ a b Shields, TW; LoCicero J; Ponn RB; Rusch VW (2005). ... Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 893 . ISBN 0-7817-3889-X . ^ Ellorhaoui M, Graf B (February 1976).

It is distinguished from measles or forms of rubella , though it was considered as a form of viral rash . [2] Although Dukes identified it as a separate entity, it is thought not to be different from scarlet fever caused by exotoxin-producing Streptococcus pyogenes after Keith Powell proposed equating it with the condition currently known as staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in 1979. [2] [4] It was never associated with a specific pathogen, [5] and the terminology is no longer in use. [2] However, a mysterious rash of unknown cause in school children often gives rise to the question of whether it could be Dukes' disease. [6] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Diagnosis 3 References 4 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Signs and symptoms may include fever , nausea , vomiting , and diarrhea , along with typical viral symptoms of sensitivity to light , enlarged lymph nodes , sore throat , and possibly brain inflammation . ... The Lancet . 156 (4011): 89–95. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)65681-7 . ^ a b c d Weisse, ME (31 December 2000). ... The Lancet . 357 (9252): 299–301. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03623-0 . PMID 11214144 . S2CID 35896288 . ^ Dukes-Filatov disease at Who Named It?

Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders. p. 597. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6 . ^ a b c d e Hall G (2001). ... Am J Surg . 116 (6): 896–906. doi : 10.1016/0002-9610(68)90462-5 . PMID 4881491 . ^ Kasabach HH, Merritt KK (1940). "Capillary hemangioma with extensive purpura: report of a case". Am J Dis Child . 59 (5): 1063. doi : 10.1001/archpedi.1940.01990160135009 . ^ Kasabach–Merritt syndrome at Who Named It? ... J Pediatr Surg . 23 (2): 109–11. doi : 10.1016/S0022-3468(88)80135-0 . PMID 3278084 . ^ a b c d Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome at eMedicine ^ Larsen, EC; Zinkham, WH; Eggleston, JC; Zitelli, BJ (June 1987). ... J Am Acad Dermatol . 42 (2 Pt 1): 225–35. doi : 10.1016/S0190-9622(00)90130-0 . PMID 10642677 . External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : D69.5 ( ILDS D69.507) ICD - 9-CM : 287.39 OMIM : 141000 MeSH : D059885 DiseasesDB : 30701 SNOMED CT : 86635005 External resources eMedicine : med/1221 ped/1234 Orphanet : 2330

The number of lesions can range from 5 to over 100. [5] Generally the parts of the body most affected are seen on the arms, legs, back and torso. ... Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0 . ^ James W, Berger T, Elston D (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0 . ^ Pardasani AG, Feldman SR, Clark AR (February 2000). ... Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases . 64 Suppl 2 (suppl 2): ii18-23, discussion ii24-5. doi : 10.1136/ard.2004.033217 . PMC 1766861 . ... Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology . 42 (5 Pt 2): 885–7. doi : 10.1016/s0190-9622(00)90263-9 .

Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1150. ISBN 0-7817-2655-7 . Retrieved 2008-06-16 . ^ a b c d e f Scalea TM (2005). ... Boca Raton: CRC. pp. 26–32. ISBN 978-0-8493-8138-6 . Retrieved 2008-07-06 . ^ a b Porth, Carol (2007). ... Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 838. ISBN 978-0-7817-7087-3 . Retrieved 2008-07-03 . ^ Pitkänen A, McIntosh TK (2006). ... Neuroscience . 101 (2): 289–95. doi : 10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00380-8 . PMID 11074152 . S2CID 20457228 . ^ Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EE, et al. ... "Clinical trials in head injury" . J. Neurotrauma . 19 (5): 503–57. doi : 10.1089/089771502753754037 .

Ophthalmol. 114 (1): 35–44. doi : 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)77410-0 . PMID 1621784 . ^ Lisch W, Büttner A, Oeffner F, Böddeker I, Engel H, Lisch C, Ziegler A, Grzeschik K (October 2000). ... Ophthalmol. 130 (4): 461–8. doi : 10.1016/S0002-9394(00)00494-3 . PMID 11024418 . External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : H18.5 OMIM : 300778 MeSH : C567588 C567588, C567588 External resources Orphanet : 98955 v t e Types of corneal dystrophy Epithelial and subepithelial Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy Gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy Lisch epithelial corneal dystrophy Meesmann corneal dystrophy Subepithelial mucinous corneal dystrophy Bowman's membrane Reis–Bucklers corneal dystrophy Thiel-Behnke dystrophy Stroma Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy Fleck corneal dystrophy Granular corneal dystrophy Lattice corneal dystrophy Macular corneal dystrophy Posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy Descemet's membrane and endothelial Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy Fuchs' dystrophy Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy This article about an ophthalmic disease is a stub .

Glaucoma develops during adolescence or late childhood, but often occurs in infancy. [8] [10] In addition, a prominent Schwalbe's line , an opaque ring around the cornea known as posterior embryotoxon, may arise with hypoplasia of the iris. [5] Below average height and stature, stunted development of the mid-facial features and mental deficiencies may also be observed in patients. [5] See also [ edit ] Primary juvenile glaucoma SHORT syndrome Autosome Chorionic villus sampling Amniocentesis Preimplantation genetic diagnosis References [ edit ] ^ Dhir, L; Frimpong-Ansah, K; Habib, Nabil E (2008). ... American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A . 140 (5): 503–8. doi : 10.1002/ajmg.a.31085 . ... Kanski's clinical ophthalmology : a systematic approach (9th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7020-7713-5 . OCLC 1131846767 . ^ a b c Lowry, R. ... Current Opinion in Ophthalmology . 22 (5): 314–24. doi : 10.1097/ICU.0b013e328349412b . ... Medical Intelligence Unit. Springer. doi : 10.1007/0-387-28672-1 . ISBN 978-0-387-28672-3 .

Phalangeal abnormalities are important clinical features to look for once the stippling is no longer visible. [4] Other, more severe, clinical features include respiratory abnormalities, hearing loss, cervical spine abnormalities, delayed cognitive development, ophthalmologic abnormalities, cardiac abnormalities, gastroesophageal reflux, and feeding difficulties. [5] CDPX1 actually has a spectrum of severity; different mutations within the CDPX1 gene have different effects on the catalytic activity of the ARSE protein. The mutations vary between missense, nonsense, insertions, and deletions. [6] Contents 1 Cause 2 Diagnosis 2.1 Biochemical confirmation 3 Treatment 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Cause [ edit ] The only known cause of this condition is a mutation in the X-linked chondrodysplasia punctata 1 (CDPX1) gene. ... Keutel syndrome, deficiency of vitamin K epoxide reductase subunit 1 (VKORC1), gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), Xp contiguous deletion syndromes, and multiple sulfatase deficiency are all genetic conditions that are associated BCDP. [5] Diagnosis [ edit ] This condition occurs almost exclusively in males. ... Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine . (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0 . ^ Malou, E.; Gekas, J.; Troucelier-Lucas, V.; Mornet, E.; Razafimanantsoa, L.; Cuvelier, B.; Mathieu, M.; Thépot, F. (2001-02-01). ... Archives de Pédiatrie . 8 (2): 176–180. doi : 10.1016/S0929-693X(00)00181-0 . ISSN 0929-693X . PMID 11232459 . ^ Casarin, Alberto; Rusalen, Francesca; Doimo, Mara; Trevisson, Eva; Carraro, Silvia; Clementi, Maurizio; Tenconi, Romano; Baraldi, Eugenio; Salviati, Leonardo (2009-11-01).

The first specimen of physical evidence was found on the night of September 5, when Carl and Beulah Cordes of North 21st Street returned home around 10:00 pm. ... Bert Kearney Marshall Avenue First case reported in the media; [6] most Gasser descriptions derive from this case Sept 5 Mrs. Beulah Cordes North 21st Street Became ill after smelling cloth found on porch Sept 5 Mrs. ... Borderlands: The ultimate exploration of the unknown . Overlook. ISBN 0-87951-724-7 . ^ Janet, Pierre (1965). ... Detroit: Visible Ink Press. pp. 239 . ISBN 0-8103-9436-7 . ^ Do Go On. "146 - The Mad Gasser of Mattoon" . ... Jacksonville, Ill.: Swamp Gas Book Co. ISBN 978-0-9728605-0-5 . Van Huss, William B. (2017) The Mad Gasser of Botetourt County ISBN 978-1979589246 External links [ edit ] "The Mad Gasser of Mattoon: how the press created an imaginary chemical weapons attack" from Skeptical Inquirer , 7/1/2002 Site with newspaper headlines and a list of victims and locations of incidents

Springer . pp. 92–95. ISBN 978-3-540-41077-5 . ^ Chiang C, Litingtung Y, Lee E, Young KE, Corden JL, Westphal H, Beachy PA (October 1996). ... Current Opinion in Genetics & Development . 10 (3): 262–9. doi : 10.1016/s0959-437x(00)00084-8 . PMID 10826992 . ^ Rash BG, Grove EA (October 2007). ... Archived from the original on 2009-05-14. ^ Armand Marie Leroi , Mutants : On the Form, Varieties and Errors of the Human Body , 2003, Harper Perennial, London. ISBN 0-00-653164-4 ^ The Carter Center for Research in holoprosencephaly [1] and [2] Archived 2008-11-21 at the Wayback Machine ^ Hong M, Srivastava K, Kim S, Allen BL, Leahy DJ, Hu P, Roessler E, Krauss RS, Muenke M (2017) BOC is a modifier gene in holoprosencephaly. ... Human Genetics . 125 (1): 95–103. doi : 10.1007/s00439-008-0599-0 . PMC 2692056 . PMID 19057928 . ^ Tekendo-Ngongang C, Muenke M, Kruszka P (1993). ... American Journal of Medical Genetics . 90 (4): 320–5. doi : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(20000214)90:4<320::AID-AJMG11>3.0.CO;2-8 .

The activity is popular among teenagers and young adults partly in response to rising drink prices at bars or clubs, and partly because more people can meet in one place. [1] Botellón is not an alternative to typical nightlife, but is rather an economical way to drink with people before going out to bars, discos, or clubs. [2] Contents 1 Origins 2 Characteristics 3 Opposition 4 Countermeasures 5 Designated botellón areas 6 Macro-botellón 7 See also 8 References Origins [ edit ] The origins of botellón trace back to Andalusia in the 1980s. ... Characteristics [ edit ] Botellón usually begins around 11:00 p.m. and ends around 3:00 a.m. when many people move to a bar or club. ... The majority of participants are male, who make up about 58% of the group, while the other 42% are female, with over two-thirds of them (70%) taking part in botellón on a weekly basis. [4] Statistics that show the relationship between botellón participation, gender and age. [5] According to a study, "El Fenómeno del Botellón", that compares the Spanish autonomous communities of Madrid, Galicia, and Jaéns' botellón phenomena, the more popular drinks during botellón are mixed drinks, kalimotxo (wine mixed with soda) and beer, while the less favorable drinks are cider, wine and champagne. [ citation needed ] Furthermore, the heavy consumption of alcohol during botellón has raised some concerns, and according to statistics, 64.2% are drinking the entire botellón while only 5.9% are not drinking at all. [ citation needed ] Another common practice during botellón is cigarette smoking. ... Since botellón is usually a nighttime activity, Spain passed a law that prohibits stores to sell alcohol to the public after 10:00 p.m, hoping to persuade people to attend clubs or bars where alcohol must remain on site. [ citation needed ] However, the measure is a controversial one because people can still buy alcohol before the selling limit hour and consume it in public. ... CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) ^ "Media España se cita en la Red para celebrar un macrobotellón el 17 de marzo" . 2006-03-07. ^ http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/97295/0/macrobotellones/ciudades/espana/ | Literally translated from Spanish ^ "El Ayuntamiento "no consentirá" el macrobotellón que se prepara en Moncloa" . 2006-03-07.

., "A" is likely to be red). [3] [4] Early studies argued that grapheme–color synesthesia was not due to associative learning, such as from playing with colored refrigerator magnets . [5] However, one recent study has documented a case of synesthesia in which synesthetic associations could be traced back to colored refrigerator magnets. [6] Despite the existence of this individual case, the majority of synesthetic associations do not seem to be driven by learning of this sort. [4] [7] Rather, it seems that more frequent letters are paired with more frequent colors, and some meaning-based rules, such as ‘b’ being blue, drive most synesthetic associations. ... "Mechanism of synesthesia: Cognitive and physiological constraints". Trends in Cognitive Sciences . 5 (1): 36–41. doi : 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01571-0 . ... Sagiv, ed., Synesthesia: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience , Oxford: Oxford University Press , ISBN 0-19-516623-X , pp. 11–33 ^ a b Simner, J.; Ward, J.; Lanz, M.; Jansari, A.; Noonan, K.; Glover, L.; Oakley, D.A. (2005). ... Handbook of Multisensory Processes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-03321-6 ^ Steen, Carol. "Quote from Carol Steen Artist and founding member of the American Synesthesia Association in an interview at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology" . ... Ninth IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers . pp. 108–113. doi : 10.1109/ISWC.2005.11 . ISBN 0-7695-2419-2 . S2CID 8221450 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-29.

The Journal of Pediatrics . 136 (2): 176–80. doi : 10.1016/S0022-3476(00)70098-9 . PMID 10657822 . ^ a b c Rael EL, Marshall RT, McClain JJ (July 2012). ... The World Allergy Organization Journal . 5 (7): 79–87. doi : 10.1097/WOX.0b013e31825a73b2 . ... "Clinical manifestations, etiology, and pathogenesis of the hyper-IgE syndromes" . Pediatric Research . 65 (5 Pt 2): 32R–37R. doi : 10.1203/PDR.0b013e31819dc8c5 . ... The World Allergy Organization Journal . 5 (7): 79–87. doi : 10.1097/WOX.0b013e31825a73b2 . ... Recurrent, "cold", staphylococcal abscesses". Lancet . 1 (7445): 1013–5. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(66)90119-X .

Most commonly, however, these lesions show a mixture of two or more subtypes or variants, and are subclassified as "adenocarcinoma with mixed subtypes". [1] [2] In China, which has the largest number of smokers and lung cancer cases in the world, the acinar tissue architectural pattern is by far the most common histological subtype of adenocarcinoma, comprising about 40% of all adenocarcinomas, [3] and its incidence has increased significantly in recent decades. [4] In Europe, acinar adenocarcinoma may comprise the dominant architectural pattern in as many as 50–60% of all adenocarcinomas. [5] Acinar adenocarcinoma of the lung is a highly lethal disease. ... Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi (in Chinese). 30 (5): 332–5. PMID 11769727 . ^ a b Sørensen JB, Hirsch FR, Olsen J (July 1988). ... Surg . 97 (2): 245–51. doi : 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)35331-0 . PMID 2915561 . ^ Chapelier A, Fadel E, Macchiarini P, et al. ... "Factors affecting long-term survival after en-bloc resection of lung cancer invading the chest wall" . Eur J Cardiothorac Surg . 18 (5): 513–8. doi : 10.1016/S1010-7940(00)00537-6 . ... "Clinical and histopathologic evaluation of the expression of Ha-ras and fes oncogene products in lung cancer" . Cancer . 69 (5): 1130–6. doi : 10.1002/cncr.2820690512 .