See also: Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 Other names Schmidt's syndrome [1] HLA-DQ2 one of the human leukocyte antigens genotypes responsible for this condition Specialty Endocrinology Symptoms Asplenia [1] Risk factors Human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DQ2, HLA-DQ8 and HLA-DR4) [2] Diagnostic method Ultrasound, MRI [3] Treatment Thyroid-stimulating hormone [4] Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 , a form of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome also known as APS-II, or PAS II, is the most common form of the polyglandular failure syndromes. [2] PAS II is defined as the association between autoimmune Addison's disease and either autoimmune thyroid disease , type 1 diabetes , or both. [5] It is heterogeneous and has not been linked to one gene . Rather, individuals are at a higher risk when they carry a particular human leukocyte antigen ( HLA-DQ2 , HLA-DQ8 and HLA-DR4 ). APS-II affects women to a greater degree than men. [2] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Genetics 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 History 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Signs and symptoms that are consistent in an individual affected by with Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 are the following: [1] [4] [6] Hashimoto thyroiditis Nausea Frequent urination Palpitations Weight loss Anorexia Low blood pressure Hypoparathyroidism Myalgias Hashimoto thyroiditis Graves' disease Anaemia Hypogonadism Diabetes mellitus Genetics [ edit ] HLA( haplotypes ) In terms of genetics one finds that autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, with an incomplete penetrance. [7] [8] Furthermore, the human leukocyte antigen involved in this condition are HLA-DQ2(DR3 (DQB*0201)) and HLA-DQ8(DR4 (DQB1*0302)), [9] genetically speaking , which indicates this is a multifactorial disorder, as well. [1] [10] Should any affected organs show chronic inflammatory infiltrate ( lymphocytes ), this would be an indication. Moreover, autoantibodies reacting to specific antigens is common, in the immune system of an affected individual. [4] Diagnosis [ edit ] In terms of genetic testing , while it is done for type 1 of this condition, type 2 will only render (or identify) those genes which place the individual at higher risk. [11] Other methods/exam to ascertain if an individual has autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 are: [3] CT scan MRI Ultrasound Treatment [ edit ] Type of glucocorticoid Management of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 consists of the following: [4] Cyclosporin A Isohormonal therapy Glucocorticoids Thyroid-stimulating hormone Dietary guidelines(depending if diabetic/Addison d.) History [ edit ] The condition was recognized by Martin Benno Schmidt (1863 – 1949), a German pathologist, first described in 1926. [12] A third subtype, PAS III, has been described in adults, but apart from the absence of adrenal failure, no clinical differences between types II and III have been described.