Many later swore they were threatened and beaten during questioning. Government agents cast a wide net, bringing in some American citizens, passers-by who admitted being Russian, some not members of the Russian Workers. ... Hoover later admitted "clear cases of brutality." [17] The raids covered more than 30 cities and towns in 23 states, but those west of the Mississippi and south of the Ohio were "publicity gestures" designed to make the effort appear nationwide in scope. [18] Because the raids targeted entire organizations, agents arrested everyone found in organization meeting halls, not only arresting non-radical organization members but also visitors who did not belong to a target organization, and sometimes American citizens not eligible for arrest and deportation. [19] The Department of Justice at one point claimed to have taken possession of several bombs, but after a few iron balls were displayed to the press they were never mentioned again. All the raids netted a total of just four ordinary pistols. [20] While most press coverage continued to be positive, with criticism only from leftist publications like The Nation and The New Republic , one attorney raised the first noteworthy protest. ... ISBN 978-1-84989-944-4 . ^ a b c d e f Avrich, Paul, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background , Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-02604-1 (1991), pp. 140–143, 147, 149–156 ^ "Plotter Here Hid Trail Skillfully; His Victim Was A Night Watchman", The New York Times, 4 June 1919 ^ "Wreck Judge Nott's Home", The New York Times, 3 June 1919 ^ Hagedorn, 229–30; Coben, 211 ^ Pietruszka, 146–7 ^ Coben 217–8 ^ Coben, 207–9 ^ Coben, 214–5 ^ Coben, 219–21; Post, 28–35. ... Post, 91–2, 96, 104–5, 108, 110, 115–6, 120–1, 124, 126, 131 ^ Post, 96–147, passim ^ Post, 91–5, 96–147 ^ Coben, 230; The New York Times : "Palmer Upholds Red Repression," January 24, 1920 , accessed January 15, 2010, ^ The Washington Post , "The Red Assassins," January 4, 1920 ^ a b Coben, 232 ^ Avakov, Aleksandr Vladimirovich, Plato's Dreams Realized: Surveillance and Citizen Rights from KGB to FBI , Algora Publishing, ISBN 0-87586-495-3 , ISBN 978-0-87586-495-2 (2007), p. 36 ^ Daniels, 545–6 ^ Post, 273 ^ https://www.aclu.org/about/aclu-history ^ Report Upon the Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice . ... Finan, Christopher M., From the Palmer Raids to the Patriot Act: A history of the fight for free speech in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 2007) Hagedorn, Ann, Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007) Kennedy, David M., Over Here: The First World War and American Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980) Murray, Robert K., Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1955) Pietrusza, David, 1920: The Year of Six presidents (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2007) Post, Louis F., The Deportations Delirium of Nineteen-twenty: A Personal Narrative of a Historic Official Experience (New York, 1923), reissued: ISBN 0-306-71882-0 , ISBN 1-4102-0553-3 External links [ edit ] Media related to Palmer Raids at Wikimedia Commons
