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Avian Influenza
Wikipedia
The study was allowed to remain available in its entirety, though it remains a controversial topic within the scientific community. The study in question, however, created airborne H5N1 via amino acid substitutions that largely mitigated the devastating effects of the disease. ... This decision came as a shock to the international community as it disrupted the Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN) coordinated by the WHO for managing seasonal and pandemic influenza. ... American Ethnologist . 40 (1): 132–148. doi : 10.1111/amet.12010 . ^ a b Padmawati, S.; Nichter, M. (2008). "Community response to avian flu in Central Java, Indonesia". ... Lists general information and resources for Avian Influenza. Strategic Health Communication fo
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Brachial Plexus Injury
Wikipedia
Patients also exhibited a greater variability in the postural oscillation, evaluated by the directional stability index. The results alert the clinical community about the necessity to prevent and treat secondary effects of this condition. [35] Epidemiology [ edit ] Brachial plexus injury is found in both children and adults, but there is a difference between children and adults with BPI. [36] Adults [ edit ] BPI traumatic event The prevalence of brachial plexus injuries in North American adults in the 1900s was about 1.2%. [36] BPI is most commonly found in young healthy adults, from ages 14 to 63 years old, with 50% of patients between 19 and 34 years old. 89% of BPI patients are male. [36] The rate of brachial plexus injury has been increasing. [ when? ... Medical Health Tests . Mac Millan Interactive Communications, LLC . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . ^ Davis, D.
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Legionnaires' Disease
Wikipedia
An effective water safety plan also covers such matters as training, record-keeping, communication among staff, contingency plans, and management responsibilities. ... "Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults" . ... Classification D ICD - 10 : A48.1 , A48.2 ICD - 9-CM : 482.84 MeSH : D007876 DiseasesDB : 7366 External resources MedlinePlus : 000616 eMedicine : med/1273 Orphanet : 549 v t e Proteobacteria -associated Gram-negative bacterial infections α Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae / ( Rickettsioses ) Typhus Rickettsia typhi Murine typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus , Brill–Zinsser disease , Flying squirrel typhus Spotted fever Tick-borne Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia conorii Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia japonica Japanese spotted fever Rickettsia sibirica North Asian tick typhus Rickettsia australis Queensland tick typhus Rickettsia honei Flinders Island spotted fever Rickettsia africae African tick bite fever Rickettsia parkeri American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Mite-borne Rickettsia akari Rickettsialpox Orientia tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus Flea-borne Rickettsia felis Flea-borne spotted fever Anaplasmataceae Ehrlichiosis : Anaplasma phagocytophilum Human granulocytic anaplasmosis , Anaplasmosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia ewingii Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection Rhizobiales Brucellaceae Brucella abortus Brucellosis Bartonellaceae Bartonellosis : Bartonella henselae Cat-scratch disease Bartonella quintana Trench fever Either B. henselae or B. quintana Bacillary angiomatosis Bartonella bacilliformis Carrion's disease , Verruga peruana β Neisseriales M+ Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus Meningococcal disease , Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome , Meningococcal septicaemia M− Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus Gonorrhea ungrouped: Eikenella corrodens / Kingella kingae HACEK Chromobacterium violaceum Chromobacteriosis infection Burkholderiales Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Burkholderia mallei Glanders Burkholderia cepacia complex Bordetella pertussis / Bordetella parapertussis Pertussis γ Enterobacteriales ( OX− ) Lac+ Klebsiella pneumoniae Rhinoscleroma , Pneumonia Klebsiella granulomatis Granuloma inguinale Klebsiella oxytoca Escherichia coli : Enterotoxigenic Enteroinvasive Enterohemorrhagic O157:H7 O104:H4 Hemolytic-uremic syndrome Enterobacter aerogenes / Enterobacter cloacae Slow/weak Serratia marcescens Serratia infection Citrobacter koseri / Citrobacter freundii Lac− H2S+ Salmonella enterica Typhoid fever , Paratyphoid fever , Salmonellosis H2S− Shigella dysenteriae / sonnei / flexneri / boydii Shigellosis , Bacillary dysentery Proteus mirabilis / Proteus vulgaris Yersinia pestis Plague / Bubonic plague Yersinia enterocolitica Yersiniosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Far East scarlet-like fever Pasteurellales Haemophilus : H. influenzae Haemophilus meningitis Brazilian purpuric fever H. ducreyi Chancroid H. parainfluenzae HACEK Pasteurella multocida Pasteurellosis Actinobacillus Actinobacillosis Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans HACEK Legionellales Legionella pneumophila / Legionella longbeachae Legionnaires' disease Coxiella burnetii Q fever Thiotrichales Francisella tularensis Tularemia Vibrionaceae Vibrio cholerae Cholera Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio alginolyticus Plesiomonas shigelloides Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas infection Moraxella catarrhalis Acinetobacter baumannii Xanthomonadaceae Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Cardiobacteriaceae Cardiobacterium hominis HACEK Aeromonadales Aeromonas hydrophila / Aeromonas veronii Aeromonas infection ε Campylobacterales Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacteriosis , Guillain–Barré syndrome Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer , MALT lymphoma , Gastric cancer Helicobacter cinaedi Helicobacter cellulitis v t e Legionnaires' disease List of outbreaks 1976 Philadelphia Legionnaires' disease outbreak 1999 Bovenkarspel legionellosis outbreak 2002 Barrow-in-Furness legionellosis outbreak 2014 Portugal legionellosis outbreak 2015 Bronx Legionnaires' disease outbreaks Related Pontiac fever v t e Diseases of the respiratory system Upper RT (including URTIs , common cold ) Head sinuses Sinusitis nose Rhinitis Vasomotor rhinitis Atrophic rhinitis Hay fever Nasal polyp Rhinorrhea nasal septum Nasal septum deviation Nasal septum perforation Nasal septal hematoma tonsil Tonsillitis Adenoid hypertrophy Peritonsillar abscess Neck pharynx Pharyngitis Strep throat Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Retropharyngeal abscess larynx Croup Laryngomalacia Laryngeal cyst Laryngitis Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Laryngospasm vocal cords Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Vocal fold nodule Vocal fold paresis Vocal cord dysfunction epiglottis Epiglottitis trachea Tracheitis Laryngotracheal stenosis Lower RT / lung disease (including LRTIs ) Bronchial / obstructive acute Acute bronchitis chronic COPD Chronic bronchitis Acute exacerbation of COPD ) Asthma ( Status asthmaticus Aspirin-induced Exercise-induced Bronchiectasis Cystic fibrosis unspecified Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis obliterans Diffuse panbronchiolitis Interstitial / restrictive ( fibrosis ) External agents/ occupational lung disease Pneumoconiosis Aluminosis Asbestosis Baritosis Bauxite fibrosis Berylliosis Caplan's syndrome Chalicosis Coalworker's pneumoconiosis Siderosis Silicosis Talcosis Byssinosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Bagassosis Bird fancier's lung Farmer's lung Lycoperdonosis Other ARDS Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema Pulmonary edema Löffler's syndrome / Eosinophilic pneumonia Respiratory hypersensitivity Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Hamman-Rich syndrome Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Sarcoidosis Vaping-associated pulmonary injury Obstructive / Restrictive Pneumonia / pneumonitis By pathogen Viral Bacterial Pneumococcal Klebsiella Atypical bacterial Mycoplasma Legionnaires' disease Chlamydiae Fungal Pneumocystis Parasitic noninfectious Chemical / Mendelson's syndrome Aspiration / Lipid By vector/route Community-acquired Healthcare-associated Hospital-acquired By distribution Broncho- Lobar IIP UIP DIP BOOP-COP NSIP RB Other Atelectasis circulatory Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary embolism Lung abscess Pleural cavity / mediastinum Pleural disease Pleuritis/pleurisy Pneumothorax / Hemopneumothorax Pleural effusion Hemothorax Hydrothorax Chylothorax Empyema/pyothorax Malignant Fibrothorax Mediastinal disease Mediastinitis Mediastinal emphysema Other/general Respiratory failure Influenza Common cold SARS Coronavirus disease 2019 Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis v t e Biological warfare and bioterrorism Modern incidents 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 1989 California medfly attack 2001 anthrax attacks Wood Green ricin plot 2003 ricin letters 2013 ricin letters Prevention and response Australia Group Caribbean Public Health Agency Center for Health Security Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Defense Threat Reduction Agency European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Global Health Security Initiative Health Threat Unit Laboratory Response Network India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Biological agents Anthrax Avian influenza Botulinum toxin Brucellosis Burkholderia pseudomallei Chlamydophila psittaci Coxiella burnetii Ebola Equine encephalitis ( Eastern Western Venezuelan ) Foodborne illness Fungi Glanders Hantavirus Henipavirus Legionnaires' disease Marburg virus Mold Plague Ricin Salmonella enterica Salmonellosis Salmonella typhi Smallpox Staphylococcus Tularemia Typhus Viral hemorrhagic fever Related concepts Agro-terrorism Anthrax hoaxes Psychochemical weapons Bacteria Biocontainment Biological hazard Biological warfare in popular culture 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Medical Abortion
Wikipedia
These models were expanded during the COVID-19 pandemic . [16] [17] Women report high levels of satisfaction with telehealth abortion services. [18] [19] Clinic-to-clinic [ edit ] In this model, a provider communicates with a patient located at another site using clinic-to-clinic videoconferencing to provide medication abortion. This was introduced by Planned Parenthood of the Heartland in Iowa to allow a patient at one health facility to communicate via secure video with a health provider at another facility. [20] This model has expanded to other Planned Parenthoods in multiple states as well other clinics providing abortion care. [20] Direct-to-patient [ edit ] The direct-to-patient model allows for medication abortion to be provided without an in-person clinic visit. ... The official protocol of the clinical trial of the "reversal" regimen is here: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03774745 v t e Abortion Main topics Definitions History Methods Abortion debate Philosophical aspects Abortion law Movements Abortion-rights movements Anti-abortion movements Issues Abortion and mental health Beginning of human personhood Beginning of pregnancy controversy Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis Anti-abortion violence Abortion under communism Birth control Crisis pregnancy center Ethical aspects of abortion Eugenics Fetal rights Forced abortion Genetics and abortion Late-term abortion Legalized abortion and crime effect Libertarian perspectives on abortion Limit of viability Malthusianism Men's rights Minors and abortion Natalism One-child policy Paternal rights and abortion Prenatal development Reproductive rights Self-induced abortion Sex-selective abortion Sidewalk counseling Societal attitudes towards abortion Socialism Toxic abortion Unsafe abortion Women's rights By country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Egypt Ghana Kenya Namibia Nigeria South Africa Uganda Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Georgia India Iran Israel Japan Kazakhstan South Korea Malaysia Nepal Northern Cyprus Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom North America Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Law Case law Constitutional law History of abortion law Laws by country Buffer zones Conscientious objection Fetal protection Heartbeat bills Informed consent Late-term restrictions Parental involvement Spousal consent Methods Vacuum aspiration Dilation and evacuation Dilation and curettage Intact D&X Hysterotomy Instillation Menstrual extraction Abortifacient drugs Methotrexate Mifepristone Misoprostol Oxytocin Self-induced abortion Unsafe abortion Religion Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Hinduism Islam Judaism Scientology Category v t e Birth control methods ( G02B , G03A ) Comparison Comparison of birth control methods Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) Behavioral Avoiding vaginal intercourse : Abstinence Anal sex Masturbation Non-penetrative sex Oral sex Including vaginal intercourse : Breastfeeding infertility (LAM) Calendar-based methods (rhythm, etc.)
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Spanish Flu
Wikipedia
In the Four Corners area, there were 3,293 registered deaths among Native Americans . [148] Entire Inuit and Alaskan Native village communities died in Alaska . [149] In Canada, 50,000 died. [150] In Brazil , 300,000 died, including president Rodrigues Alves . [151] In Britain, as many as 250,000 died; in France, more than 400,000. [152] In Ghana , the influenza epidemic killed at least 100,000 people. [153] Tafari Makonnen (the future Haile Selassie , Emperor of Ethiopia ) was one of the first Ethiopians who contracted influenza but survived. [154] [155] Many of his subjects did not; estimates for fatalities in the capital city, Addis Ababa , range from 5,000 to 10,000, or higher. [156] The death toll in Russia has been estimated at 450,000, though the epidemiologists who suggested this number called it a "shot in the dark". [89] If it is correct, Russia lost roughly 0.4% of its population, meaning it suffered the lowest influenza-related mortality in Europe . Another study considers this number unlikely, given that the country was in the grip of a civil war , and the infrastructure of daily life had broken down; the study suggests that Russia's death toll was closer to 2%, or 2.7 million people. [157] Devastated communities A chart of deaths from all causes in major cities, showing a peak in October and November 1918 Even in areas where mortality was low, so many adults were incapacitated that much of everyday life was hampered. Some communities closed all stores or required customers to leave orders outside. ... By contrast, Governor John Martin Poyer prevented the flu from reaching neighboring American Samoa by imposing a blockade. [160] The disease spread fastest through the higher social classes among the indigenous peoples, because of the custom of gathering oral tradition from chiefs on their deathbeds; many community elders were infected through this process. [161] In Iran , the mortality was very high: according to an estimate, between 902,400 and 2,431,000, or 8% to 22% of the total population died. [162] The country was going through the Persian famine of 1917–1919 concurrently. ... However, this 1991 study was criticized by later studies due to flawed methodology, and newer studies have published estimates of a far lower mortality rate in China. [73] [175] [74] For instance, Iijima in 1998 estimates the death toll in China to be between 1 and 1.28 million based on data available from Chinese port cities. [176] The lower estimates of the Chinese death toll are based on the low mortality rates that were found in Chinese port cities (for example, Hong Kong) and on the assumption that poor communications prevented the flu from penetrating the interior of China. [172] However, some contemporary newspaper and post office reports, as well as reports from missionary doctors, suggest that the flu did penetrate the Chinese interior and that influenza was severe in at least some locations in the countryside of China. [157] Although medical records from China's interior are lacking, extensive medical data was recorded in Chinese port cities, such as then British -controlled Hong Kong , Canton , Peking , Harbin and Shanghai .
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Calculus (Dental)
Wikipedia
Removal of calculus after formation [ edit ] Main article: Scaling and root planing The College of Registered Dental Hygienists of Alberta defines a dental hygienist as "a health care professional whose work focuses on the oral health of an individual or community." [38] These dental professionals aim to improve oral health by educating patients on the prevention and management of oral disease. [38] Dental hygienists can be found performing oral health services in various settings, including private dental offices, schools, and other community settings, such as long-term care facilities. [39] As mentioned above in the clinical significance section, plaque and calculus deposits are a major etiological factor in the development and progression of oral disease.
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Abortion In Francoist Spain And The Transition Period
Wikipedia
Most of the girls were unable to sign their own names when brought in by the Guardia Civil . [1] As midwives appeared to be frequently involved in sharing knowledge about abortion and contraceptives and performing abortions, the male-led scientific community in Spain tried to marginalize these women. ... Among the findings were that the number of lesbians was increasing as a result of a number of factors including "physical or congenital defects", the "affective traumas and unsatisfied desires", families being unable to prevent women's conversation, "Contagion and mimicry" and "[...] the lack of relationship with men as a consequence of an excessively rigid education, the existence of institutions that by their very nature eliminate these relationships: prisons, hospitals, psychiatric, religious communities, etc..., the media, tourism, alcohol, drugs and the desire to search for new sensations, prostitution, and vice."
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Substance Abuse
Wikipedia
Tools suitable for pregnant women include i.a. 4Ps, T-ACE, TWEAK, TQDH (Ten-Question Drinking History), and AUDIT. [39] Given that addiction manifests in structural changes to the brain, it is possible that non-invasive neuroimaging scans obtained via MRI could be used to help diagnose addiction in the future. [30] Treatment [ edit ] Psychological [ edit ] From the applied behavior analysis literature, behavioral psychology , and from randomized clinical trials , several evidenced based interventions have emerged: behavioral marital therapy , motivational Interviewing , community reinforcement approach , exposure therapy , contingency management [40] [41] They help suppress cravings and mental anxiety, improve focus on treatment and new learning behavioral skills, ease withdrawal symptoms and reduce the chances of relapse. [42] In children and adolescents, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) [43] and family therapy [44] currently has the most research evidence for the treatment of substance abuse problems. ... Many involved recognize that the terminology has often led to confusion, both within the medical community and with the general public. The American Psychiatric Association requested input as to how the terminology of this illness should be altered as it moves forward with DSM-5 discussion. [75] In the DSM-5, substance abuse and substance dependence have been merged into the category of substance use disorders and they now longer exist as individual concepts.OPRM1, DRD2, SLC6A4, FAAH, CYP2D6, NPY, GRM5, CNR1, WDR11, SLC22A3, OPRD1, CSMD1, FHIT, PLA2R1, LIMCH1, THSD4, FAM184A, TTC21B, ZNF385D, PCDH15, CDCP1, SAMD4A, PRPF4, SEMA6D, PRKCE, ETV6, CSRNP3, ZNF606, FHOD3, COLEC12, KLF12, EHHADH, QSOX1, LRMDA, POLR1D, RAD51B, DOCK1, PRKCH, FKBP15, XPO6, PACS1, MSRA, SLC45A2, NME7, CD274, MPC1, CTNNA3, ABLIM1, CHCHD3, FAM184B, APPL2, AFF3, CCDC91, INSR, NRCAM, FRMD4A, XYLT1, TIAM2, PARVA, MYO5C, PBX1, PDE1C, TENM2, RHBDD3, SYNE1, PMAIP1, GBA3, GRM7, GRIK2, GRIA4, DDX1, DNAH8, DSCAM, RTL6, ANO4, CHRM2, BPIFA2, MACROD2, CFTR, MPP7, C10orf82, LDLRAD3, OR51E1, CDH13, C19orf18, SLK, ZNF366, ATP1B1, CERS6, HSPA12A, CHD1L, EIPR1, TMPRSS7, CXCL14, C5orf63, AKAP7, CSRP3, BCAR3, MKNK1, NRXN3, PIWIL1, ADARB2, CHRNA5, MYO6, PATJ, SLC10A2, AGBL4, ABCC4, ZNF804A, CADPS2, SLC2A13, FARP1, FAM126A, CSMD3, XKR4, NR3C1, SLC6A3, MAOA, BDNF, HCRT, GULOP, FKBP5, OPRK1, COMT, WAS, IL6, PDYN, CREB1, CRHR1, GH1, CRP, HTR2A, CRHR2, DRD4, PPP1R1B, CSH2, AGRP, ERCC8, CNR2, TAAR1, SIGMAR1, EPO, ALB, CSH1, NKTR, FOSB, OXTR, HSPA9, POMC, NMU, SLC1A2, KAT2B, RASGRF2, ACTB, BAG3, TXN, BBC3, NTS, TNF, CLOCK, CARTPT, TGFB1, PNOC, TCF21, TLR4, ACKR3, GAL, AMPH, DNASE1L3, CYP2C19, DRD1, DRD3, CYP2B6, FGD1, CRH, GDNF, CECR, GSN, GSTM1, CCND1, ARRB2, MIR143, BCHE, CYP3A4, LOC110806262, IGF1, LOC107987479, NPS, HTR2C, HTR1B, HACD1, SLC35A1, LPAR2, MORN4, PPP1R9B, CAP1, NDRG1, CST12P, LINC02210-CRHR1, IL33, TMX2-CTNND1, GAL3ST1, TOX, MIR29C, ABCG2, ERFE, DDX53, SLC17A8, C20orf181, ACCS, BCAR1, ATG5, BPIFA4P, DPPA3, TPH2, DSTN, EBPL, PSENEN, PART1, ARTN, CHPT1, NMUR2, TWNK, PHGDH, ACSS2, INTS8, PLA2G15, IMPACT, OXR1, CASZ1, SIAE, GPR88, SCLY, SPG21, PRX, SLC7A11, SORBS1, GCC1, CXCR6, CBX1, ASCC1, CALN1, SPACA9, PARP9, DHDDS, VKORC1, BRD4, SARM1, MLST8, PDF, MCCC2, PTBP2, HAMP, COMMD3, A2M, PRL, PKD2L1, FLT4, FGF2, FANCB, ETFA, EPHB2, ENO1, ELK3, ELANE, EDNRB, EDNRA, NQO1, ACE, DBT, DBH, CYP19A1, CYP2C18, FGF14, FMO3, HMGB1, FN1, GTS, GSTT1, GSTP1, GSK3B, GPT, GPR42, GLS, GLP1R, GHSR, GCG, GABRG2, GABRA2, GABRA1, GABPA, MTOR, CYP2C9, CYP2A6, CTNND1, CTAA1, ASL, ARSF, ARRB1, AR, ANPEP, AMY1C, AMY1B, AMY1A, AHR, ADRB2, ADRA2B, ADRA1A, ADH1C, ADH1B, ADCYAP1, BRS3, CAD, CAMK2B, CHRNA4, CSF2, CSE1L, CREM, CREBBP, CPA1, CCR5, CEACAM7, CAPS, CEACAM3, CEL, CEACAM5, CDS1, CDK5, CD40, HBB, HSPB1, NOL3, STX1A, SSTR4, SMS, SLC18A2, SRSF1, CCL3, SAT1, RPS19, RORA, PTBP1, PSMD4, PSG2, PSEN2, MAPK1, PKN1, PRKCB, STAT5A, SULT1A1, HSPB2, TACR1, HSPB3, WASF1, ARHGEF7, LOH19CR1, ST8SIA4, CXCR4, TRPV1, UGT2B17, TTR, TPH1, TP53, TLR2, TJP1, TH, TAL1, POLG, SERPINF2, PLG, PITX2, MAOB, LTBP3, LNPEP, LGALS1, LEP, LAMC2, KRT7, KRAS, IL16, IL10, CXCL8, IFNG, IAPP, HTR3A, HTR2B, CD46, KITLG, MMP2, PNP, SERPINB6, ABCB4, ABCB1, CFP, OPRL1, NTRK2, NOTCH4, MSN, NQO2, NHS, NFKB1, NFE2L2, MUC1, MTHFR, H3P40
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Iodine Deficiency
Wikipedia
Successful campaigns for the adoption of the use of iodized salt require education of salt producers and sellers and a communication campaign directed at the public. ... Before 1950 goiter was a widespread disease caused by iodine deficiency. [40] Up to 80 per cent of the population were affected in inland areas. In the coastal communities, saltwater fish were an important part of the diet, and because of the presence of iodine in seawater, goiter was less common than in the inland districts.
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Health Effects Of Wine
Wikipedia
It has received considerable attention in both the media and medical research community for its potential health benefits [13] : 569 which remain unproven in humans. [41] [37] The production and concentration of resveratrol is not equal among all the varieties of wine grapes . ... Studies of the long - and Short-term effects of alcohol consumption caused many in the medical community to reconsider the role of wine in medicine and diet. [13] : 433 Soon, public opinion turned against consumption of alcohol in any form, leading to Prohibition in the United States and other countries.
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Devil Facial Tumour Disease
Wikipedia
"Rapid evolutionary response to a transmissible cancer in Tasmanian devils" . Nature Communications . 7 : 12684. Bibcode : 2016NatCo...712684E . doi : 10.1038/ncomms12684 . ... "Rapid evolutionary response to a transmissible cancer in Tasmanian devils" . Nature Communications . 7 : 12684. Bibcode : 2016NatCo...712684E . doi : 10.1038/ncomms12684 . ... "Tasmanian devils with contagious cancer exhibit a constricted T-cell repertoire diversity" . Communications Biology . 2 (1): 99. doi : 10.1038/s42003-019-0342-5 .
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Mass Psychogenic Illness
Wikipedia
Little certainty exists regarding its etiology". [4] Qualities of MPI outbreaks often include: [3] symptoms that have no plausible organic basis; symptoms that are transient and benign; symptoms with rapid onset and recovery; occurrence in a segregated group; the presence of extraordinary anxiety; symptoms that are spread via sight, sound or oral communication; a spread that moves down the age scale, beginning with older or higher-status people; a preponderance of female participants. ... Radovanovic of the Department of Community Medicine and Behavioural Sciences Faculty of Medicine in Safat, Kuwait reports: This document did not satisfy either of the two ethnic groups. ... S2CID 32597423 . v t e Mental and behavioral disorders Adult personality and behavior Gender dysphoria Ego-dystonic sexual orientation Paraphilia Fetishism Voyeurism Sexual maturation disorder Sexual relationship disorder Other Factitious disorder Munchausen syndrome Intermittent explosive disorder Dermatillomania Kleptomania Pyromania Trichotillomania Personality disorder Childhood and learning Emotional and behavioral ADHD Conduct disorder ODD Emotional and behavioral disorders Separation anxiety disorder Movement disorders Stereotypic Social functioning DAD RAD Selective mutism Speech Stuttering Cluttering Tic disorder Tourette syndrome Intellectual disability X-linked intellectual disability Lujan–Fryns syndrome Psychological development ( developmental disabilities ) Pervasive Specific Mood (affective) Bipolar Bipolar I Bipolar II Bipolar NOS Cyclothymia Depression Atypical depression Dysthymia Major depressive disorder Melancholic depression Seasonal affective disorder Mania Neurological and symptomatic Autism spectrum Autism Asperger syndrome High-functioning autism PDD-NOS Savant syndrome Dementia AIDS dementia complex Alzheimer's disease Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Frontotemporal dementia Huntington's disease Mild cognitive impairment Parkinson's disease Pick's disease Sundowning Vascular dementia Wandering Other Delirium Organic brain syndrome Post-concussion syndrome Neurotic , stress -related and somatoform Adjustment Adjustment disorder with depressed mood Anxiety Phobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia Other Generalized anxiety disorder OCD Panic attack Panic disorder Stress Acute stress reaction PTSD Dissociative Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Fugue state Psychogenic amnesia Somatic symptom Body dysmorphic disorder Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome Globus pharyngis Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures False pregnancy Hypochondriasis Mass psychogenic illness Nosophobia Psychogenic pain Somatization disorder Physiological and physical behavior Eating Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Rumination syndrome Other specified feeding or eating disorder Nonorganic sleep Hypersomnia Insomnia Parasomnia Night terror Nightmare REM sleep behavior disorder Postnatal Postpartum depression Postpartum psychosis Sexual dysfunction Arousal Erectile dysfunction Female sexual arousal disorder Desire Hypersexuality Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Orgasm Anorgasmia Delayed ejaculation Premature ejaculation Sexual anhedonia Pain Nonorganic dyspareunia Nonorganic vaginismus Psychoactive substances, substance abuse and substance-related Drug overdose Intoxication Physical dependence Rebound effect Stimulant psychosis Substance dependence Withdrawal Schizophrenia , schizotypal and delusional Delusional Delusional disorder Folie à deux Psychosis and schizophrenia-like Brief reactive psychosis Schizoaffective disorder Schizophreniform disorder Schizophrenia Childhood schizophrenia Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia Paranoid schizophrenia Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia Simple-type schizophrenia Other Catatonia Symptoms and uncategorized Impulse control disorder Klüver–Bucy syndrome Psychomotor agitation Stereotypy v t e Conspiracy theories List of conspiracy theories Core topics Antiscience Cabals Civil Criminal Deception Espionage Fiction Political Pseudoscience Secrecy Secret societies Urban legend Psychology Attitude polarization Cognitive dissonance Communal reinforcement Confirmation bias Locus of control Mass hysteria Paranoia Psychological projection Assassinations and avoidable accidents Geoffrey Chaucer (1400) Princes in the Tower (1483) Kaspar Hauser (1833) Abraham Lincoln (1865) Ludwig II of Bavaria (1886) Franz Ferdinand (1914) Lord Kitchener (1916) Michael Collins (1922) Sergey Kirov (1934) Władysław Sikorski (1943) Subhas Chandra Bose (1945) Dag Hammarskjöld (1961) Patrice Lumumba (1961) Marilyn Monroe (1962) John F.
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Wolff–parkinson–white Syndrome
Wikipedia
This is manifested on the electrocardiogram as the PR interval (the time from electrical activation of the atria to electrical activation of the ventricles ), which is usually shortened to less than 120 milliseconds in duration. [ citation needed ] Individuals with WPW have an accessory pathway that communicates between the atria and the ventricles, in addition to the AV node. ... In some cases, the combination of an accessory pathway and abnormal heart rhythms can trigger ventricular fibrillation , a leading cause of sudden cardiac death. [ citation needed ] WPW may be associated with PRKAG2 , a protein kinase enzyme encoded by the PRKAG2 gene . [8] Bundle of Kent [ edit ] Graphic representation of the bundle of Kent in Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome The bundle of Kent is an abnormal extra or accessory conduction pathway between the atria and ventricles that is present in a small percentage (between 0.1 and 0.3%) of the general population. [9] [10] [11] This pathway may communicate between the left atrium and the left ventricle, in which case it is termed a "type A pre-excitation", or between the right atrium and the right ventricle, in which case it is termed a "type B pre-excitation". [12] Problems arise when this pathway creates an electrical circuit that bypasses the AV node.
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Lassa Fever
Wikipedia
Viral disease spread by a type of mouse Lassa fever Other names Lassa hemorrhagic fever Community education material for Lassa fever Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Fever , headaches , bleeding [1] Complications Deafness [1] Usual onset 1–3 weeks following exposure [1] Causes Lassa virus [1] Risk factors Exposure to rodents in West Africa [1] Diagnostic method Laboratory testing [1] Differential diagnosis Ebola , malaria , typhoid fever [1] Treatment Supportive [1] Prognosis 1% risk of death [1] Frequency 400,000 cases per year [2] Deaths 5,000 deaths per year [2] Lassa fever , also known as Lassa hemorrhagic fever ( LHF ), is a type of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus . [1] Many of those infected by the virus do not develop symptoms. [1] When symptoms occur they typically include fever , weakness, headaches, vomiting , and muscle pains . [1] Less commonly there may be bleeding from the mouth or gastrointestinal tract . [1] The risk of death once infected is about one percent and frequently occurs within two weeks of the onset of symptoms. [1] Of those who survive, about a quarter have hearing loss , which improves within three months in about half of these cases. [1] The disease is usually initially spread to people via contact with the urine or feces of an infected multimammate mouse . [1] Spread can then occur via direct contact between people. [1] Diagnosis based on symptoms is difficult. [1] Confirmation is by laboratory testing to detect the virus's RNA , antibodies for the virus, or the virus itself in cell culture . [1] Other conditions that may present similarly include Ebola , malaria , typhoid fever , and yellow fever . [1] The Lassa virus is a member of the Arenaviridae family of viruses . [1] There is no vaccine . [3] Prevention requires isolating those who are infected and decreasing contact with the mice. [1] Other efforts to control the spread of disease include having a cat to hunt vermin , and storing food in sealed containers. [1] Treatment is directed at addressing dehydration and improving symptoms. [1] The antiviral medication ribavirin has been recommended, [1] but evidence to support its use is weak. [4] Descriptions of the disease date from the 1950s. [1] The virus was first described in 1969 from a case in the town of Lassa, in Borno State , Nigeria . [1] [5] Lassa fever is relatively common in West Africa including the countries of Nigeria , Liberia , Sierra Leone , Guinea , and Ghana . [1] [2] There are about 300,000 to 500,000 cases which result in 5,000 deaths a year. [2] [6] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 2.1 Virology 2.2 Spread 3 Diagnosis 4 Prevention 4.1 Vaccine 5 Treatment 5.1 Medications 5.2 Pregnancy 6 Prognosis 7 Epidemiology 7.1 Geography 7.2 Nigeria 7.2.1 2018 outbreak 7.2.2 2019 outbreak 7.2.3 2020 outbreak 8 Liberia 9 History 10 Research 11 References 12 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Onset of symptoms is typically 7 to 21 days after exposure. [7] In 80% of those who are infected few or no symptoms occur. [7] [8] These mild symptoms may include fever, tiredness, weakness, and headache. [7] In 20% of people more severe symptoms such as bleeding gums, breathing problems, vomiting, chest pain, or dangerously low blood pressure may occur. [7] Long term complications may include hearing loss . [7] In those who are pregnant , miscarriage may occur in 95%. [7] Lassa fever can be difficult to distinguish clinically from other viral hemorrhagic fevers, such as Ebola virus disease . [1] A combination of pharyngitis , pain behind the sternum , presence of excess protein in the urine and fever can indicate Lassa fever with higher specificity. [9] In cases in which death occurs, this typically occurs within 14 days of onset. [7] About 1% of all Lassa virus infections result in death. [7] Approximately 15%-20% of those who have required hospitalization for Lassa fever die. [7] The risk of death is greater in those who are pregnant. [7] A "Swollen baby syndrome" may occur in newborns, infants and toddlers with pitting edema , abdominal distension and bleeding. [10] Cause [ edit ] Virology [ edit ] A transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a number of Lassa virus virions adjacent to some cell debris. ... Lassa fever virus can also be found in cerebrospinal fluid . [20] Prevention [ edit ] Main article: Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever Community education material for Lassa fever Control of the Mastomys rodent population is impractical, so measures focus on keeping rodents out of homes and food supplies, encouraging effective personal hygiene, storing grain and other foodstuffs in rodent-proof containers, and disposing of garbage far from the home to help sustain clean households.
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Botulism
Wikipedia
Spores are not killed by boiling, but botulism is uncommon because special, rarely obtained conditions are necessary for botulinum toxin production from C. botulinum spores, including an anaerobic, low-salt, low-acid, low-sugar environment at ambient temperatures. [26] Botulinum inhibits the release within the nervous system of acetylcholine , a neurotransmitter, responsible for communication between motor neurons and muscle cells. ... Canada [ edit ] From 1985-2015 there was an outbreak of 91 confirmed cases of foodborne botulism in Canada , 85% of which were in Inuit communities, especially Nunavik and First Nations of the coast of British Columbia from eating traditionally prepared marine mammal and fish products. [67] Ukraine [ edit ] In 2017, there were 70 cases of botulism with 8 deaths in Ukraine.
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Calpainopathy
Gene_reviews
Higher prevalence rates have been calculated in small and genetically isolated communities; the prevalence of the disease has been estimated at 48 per million in the Reunion Island [Fardeau et al 1996], 69 per million in Basque country [Urtasun et al 1998], 1900 per million in the Mòcheni community in the Alps [Fanin et al 2012], 4300 per million in the Tlaxcala village in central Mexico (with a carrier frequency of 1:11) [Pantoja-Melendez et al 2017], and 13000 per million in the Amish population of Indiana [Young et al 1992, Richard et al 1995].
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Ectodermal Dysplasia 1, Hypohidrotic, X-Linked
Omim
This statement was not recorded in the workshop report, but was communicated by Dr. Cook to Albert de la Chapelle in 1981 (de la Chapelle (1982, 1990)). ... Darwin (1875) wrote as follows: 'I may give an analogous case, communicated to me by Mr. W. Wedderburn, of a Hindoo family in Scinde, in which ten men, in the course of four generations, were furnished, in both jaws taken together, with only four small and weak incisor teeth and with eight posterior molars.
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Exhibitionism
Wikipedia
When in the course of their journey they reach a community — not the city of their destination, but somewhere else — they steer the bareis close to the bank. Some of the women carry on doing what I have already described them as doing, but others shout out scornful remarks to the women in the town, or dance, or stand and pull up their clothes to expose themselves. Every riverside community receives this treatment. [3] A case of what appears to be exhibitionism in a clinical sense was recorded in a report by the Commission against Blasphemy in Venice in 1550. [4] In the UK the 4th draft of the revised Vagrancy Act of 1824 included an additional clause 'or openly and indecently exposing their persons' which gave rise to difficulties because of its ill-defined scope.
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Typhoid Fever
Wikipedia
Because the price is low, poverty-stricken communities are more willing to take advantage of the vaccinations. [32] Although vaccination programs for typhoid have proven to be effective, they alone cannot eliminate typhoid fever. [32] Combining the use of vaccines with increasing public health efforts is the only proven way to control this disease. [32] Since the 1990s, two typhoid fever vaccines have been recommended by the WHO. ... During the course of treatment of a typhoid outbreak in a local village in 1838, English country doctor William Budd realised the "poisons" involved in infectious diseases multiplied in the intestines of the sick, were present in their excretions, and could be transmitted to the healthy through their consumption of contaminated water. [69] He proposed strict isolation or quarantine as a method for containing such outbreaks in the future. [70] The medical and scientific communities did not recognise the role of microorganisms in infectious disease until the work of Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur in the 1880s. [71] [72] [73] Organism involved [ edit ] Almroth Edward Wright developed the first effective typhoid vaccine. ... "An extended genotyping framework for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the cause of human typhoid" . Nature Communications . 7 (1): 12827. Bibcode : 2016NatCo...712827W . doi : 10.1038/ncomms12827 .
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Hypokinesia
Wikipedia
Problems including tone, speed of communication, breath control, volume, and timing are displayed. ... The indirect pathway, traveling through the putamen, globus pallidus external, and subthalamic nucleus, activates the globus pallidus internal threshold and inhibits the thalamus from communicating with the motor cortex, producing hypokinetic symptoms. [17] Basal ganglia (red) and related structures (blue) When levels of dopamine decrease, the normal wave-firing pattern of basal ganglia neural oscillations changes and the tendency for oscillations increases, particularly in the beta wave of the basal ganglia. [18] Recent research indicates, when oscillations fire simultaneously, processing is disrupted at the thalamus and cortex, affecting activities such as motor planning and sequence learning, as well as causing hypokinetic tremors. [17] Treatments [ edit ] Dopaminergic drugs [ edit ] Dopaminergic drugs are commonly used in the early stages of the hypokinesia to treat patients. [13] With increased intake, though, they can become ineffective because of the development of noradrenergic lesions. [13] While initially the dopaminergic drugs may be effective, these noradrenergic lesions are associated with hypokinesic gait disorder development later on. [12] [13] Some Parkinson's patients are unable to move during sleep, prompting the diagnosis of "nocturnal hypokinesia".GCH1, OPRL1, APOD, SLC6A3, TH, LRRK2, MAPT, SNCA, ATXN3, ATXN1, FMR1, GBA, PSEN1, TWNK, PLA2G6, KLHL41, ATP6AP2, DNAJC6, KMT2B, SNCAIP, SYNJ1, PDE8B, PRKRA, UCHL1, XPA, FARS2, TPM3, TPM2, TK2, DHDDS, TBP, ACTA1, SPR, SLC20A2, PINK1, WDR45, AFG3L2, DNAJC12, VPS35, SLC30A10, TTC19, VPS13C, C19orf12, CHCHD2, ATL1, RRM2B, HTRA2, COQ2, JPH3, GIGYF2, FBXO7, MYORG, SLC39A14, ATP13A2, DNAJC13, ADGRV1, PARK7, TUBB6, POLG2, TAF1, SCN2A, SCN9A, NR4A2, MYPN, COASY, STX1B, KCNC3, RAB39B, HTT, EARS2, GLUD2, GABRG2, GABRD, FTL, EIF4G1, HCN1, DCTN1, KBTBD13, CSF1R, LYST, ATP1A3, ATXN8, SLC25A4, ADH1C, NEB, PANK2, PRKAR1B, POLG, ATXN2, ATXN8OS, SCN1A, PRNP, PPP2R2B, PTS, SCN1B, PODXL, PDGFRB, PDGFB, PRKN, SF3B1, YWHAE, ASXL1, TET2, PAFAH1B1, REG1A, STXBP3, PSPH, BPIFA2, RIDA, PSPN, HTR2C, MSMB, CCDC62, TMEM240, PPP1R1B, ACO1, TMEM106B, GRIN2A, APOE, CYP1A2, NQO1, DRD2, DRD4, EEF1A2, GRIN2B, MCF2L, IREB2, LRP2, NBN, RGS2, SLC18A2, SOD2, ECT