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Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome
Wikipedia
This proposed pathogenesis, SPSE hypothesis of MRLS, was communicated privately among colleagues and university administrators, [14] and then publicly at the Bain Fallon lectures, the Gold Coast, Australia, July 2002, and the following month to participants the First International Symposium on the Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome. ... "Calibration of Proportional Hazards and Accelerated Failure Time Models". Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation . 41 (6): 922–941. doi : 10.1080/03610918.2012.625341 . ^ Patel, K; Kay, R; Rowell, L (2006).
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Neurogenic Claudication
Wikipedia
In most scenarios, the prognosis of NC can lead to potential disability, muscle weakness or constant pain in the lower body. [13] [15] Epidemiology [ edit ] NC is a noncommunicable condition and thus, does not pose any community risks in terms of infectiousness. ... Among individuals with spinal stenosis, NC is present in greater than 90% of patients and present in almost half of patients that present with low back pain, with over 200,000 people being affected in the United States. [2] [1] [7] The prevalence of NC and spinal stenosis in elderly men is also evident, with studies finding that roughly 1 in 10 elderly men experience leg pain in combination with low back pain (symptoms of NC ) and this incidence rate is also doubled in retirement communities. [9] As the global life expectancy increases, the impact of spinal disease symptoms such as NC is likely to increase. [15] Current research [ edit ] Current treatment options for NC are not diverse and lack extensive and detailed research to support their effectiveness, resulting in patients having to choose from a small pool of treatment options, some of which may not be effective. [10] This lack of evidence to support the effectiveness of treatment options for NC is especially prevalent in nonsurgical treatments, such as physical therapy and medications. [21] [32] Among surgical interventions for NC , current research into improving methods of surgery to minimize post-surgery complication and to improve quality of life have also been of concern. [41] [42] Physical Therapy [ edit ] Studies have found that physical therapies such as stretches and strengthening exercises have yielded mixed results in terms of its effectiveness in treating NC .
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Cognitive Inertia
Wikipedia
., that p(a & b) = p(a) p(b) becomes Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } p(c) = Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } p(a) p(b) + Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } p(a) p(b) + Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } p(a) p(b) where p(a) and p(b) refer to the initial opinions, before the communication induced changes. This formula was used by McGuire to show that the effect of a persuasive message on a related, but unmentioned, topic ( d ) took time to sink in. ... Patients with lesions to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex have shown reduced motivation to change cognitive strategies and how they view situations, similar to individuals who experience apathy and cognitive inertia after severe or long-term trauma. [35] Functional connectivity [ edit ] Nursing home patients who suffer from dementia have been found to have larger reductions in functional brain connectivity primarily in the corpus callosum , important for communication between hemispheres . [34] Cognitive inertia in neurodegenerative patients has also been associated with a decrease in the connection of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal area with subcortical areas including the anterior cingulate cortex and basal ganglia. [36] Both findings are suggested to decrease motivation to change one's thought processes or create new goal-directed behavior. [34] [36] Alternative theories [ edit ] Some researchers have refuted the cognitive perspective of cognitive inertia and suggest a more holistic approach that takes into account the motivations, emotions and attitudes that fortify the existing frame of reference. [39] Alternative paradigms [ edit ] Motivated reasoning [ edit ] The theory of motivated reasoning is proposed to be driven by the individual's motivation to think a certain way, often to avoid thinking negatively about oneself. ... "Implications for problem‐solving groups of empirical research on 'brainstorming': A critical review of the literature". Southern Speech Communication Journal . 43 (4): 327–356. doi : 10.1080/10417947809372391 .
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Terminal Illness
Wikipedia
They state that instead of using PAS to control death: "through high-quality care, effective communication, compassionate support, and the right resources, physicians can help patients control many aspects of how they live out life's last chapter." [34] Other groups such as the American Medical Students Association , the American Public Health Association , the American Medical Women's Association , and more support PAS as an act of compassion for the suffering patient. [33] In many cases, the argument on PAS is also tied to proper palliative care. ... In the case of terminal illness, there is often ambiguity in communication with the patient about his/her condition.
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
Wikipedia
They may remain passive in the face of unfavorable situations. Their communication with other people may be indifferent and terse at times. ... SPD also does not require impairments in nonverbal communication such as a lack of eye contact , unusual prosody or a pattern of restricted interests or repetitive behaviors . [52] Simple-type schizophrenia Simple-type schizophrenia is a diagnosis in the ICD-10 but is not present in the current DSM-5 or the upcoming ICD-11 . [53] [54] It is a form of schizophrenia characterised by negative symptoms and a lack of psychotic features. ... The symptoms of SPD mirror the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as anhedonia , blunted affect and low energy, and SPD is thought to be part of the " schizophrenic spectrum " of disorders, which also includes the schizotypal and paranoid personality disorders, and may benefit from the medications indicated for schizophrenia. [18] Originally, low doses of atypical antipsychotics like risperidone or olanzapine were used to alleviate social deficits and blunted affect. [7] However, a 2012 review concluded that atypical antipsychotics were ineffective for treating personality disorders. [17] In contrast, the substituted amphetamine bupropion may be used to treat anhedonia. [7] Likewise, modafinil may be effective in treating some of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, which are reflected in the symptomatology of SPD and therefore may help as well. [67] Lamotrigine , SSRIs , TCAs , MAOIs and hydroxyzine may help counter social anxiety in people with SPD if present, though social anxiety may not be a main concern for the people who have SPD. [ citation needed ] However, it is not general practice to treat SPD with medications, other than for the short-term treatment of acute co-occurring axis I conditions (e.g. depression ). [18] Psychotherapy [ edit ] See also: Psychodynamic psychotherapy Despite the relative emotional comfort, psychoanalytic therapy of schizoid individuals takes a long time and causes many difficulties. [68] Schizoids are generally poorly involved in psychotherapy due to difficulties in establishing empathic relations with a psychotherapist and low motivation for treatment. [69] Supportive psychotherapy is used in an inpatient or outpatient setting by a trained professional that focuses on areas such as coping skills, improvement of social skills and social interactions, communication and self-esteem issues. People with SPD may also have a perceptual tendency to miss subtle differences in expression. ... This can help people with SPD create empathy with the outside world. [ citation needed ] Shorter-term treatment [ edit ] The concept of "closer compromise" means that the schizoid patient may be encouraged to experience intermediate positions between the extremes of emotional closeness and permanent exile. [20] A lack of injections of interpersonal reality causes an impoverishment in which the schizoid individual's self-image becomes increasingly empty and volatilized and leads the individual to feel unreal. [22] To create a more adaptive and self-enriching interaction with others in which one "feels real", the patient is encouraged to take risks through greater connection, communication and sharing of ideas, feelings and actions.
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Anesthesia Awareness
Wikipedia
When paralyzed, patients may not be able to communicate their distress or alert the operating room staff of their consciousness until the paralytic wears off. ... Current research attributes the incidence of AAGA to a combination of the risks mentioned above, together with ineffective practice from ODPs, anesthetic nurses, HCAs and anesthetists. [2] The main failures include: Inattention or judgement errors related to drugs and volatile agents Termination of anesthesia too soon before surgery has finished due to poor communication Lack of understanding of offset times of volatile agents Backflow of induction agent up a giving set Failure to fill vaporizers (which is the cause of 19% of the cases of AAGA) Under-dosing of induction agent during difficult intubation Failure to monitor MAC (minimum alveolar concentration of inhaled anaesthetic required to prevent movement in 50% of patients in response to surgical incision) Syringe swaps Rushing caused by organizational or individual circumstances (bringing attention to staff shortage and stressful work environment) Distractions caused by another member of staff Equipment failure [ edit ] Machine malfunction or misuse may result in an inadequate delivery of anesthetic.
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Bipolar Ii Disorder
Wikipedia
Depressive symptoms are much more disabling than hypomanic symptoms and are potentially as, or more disabling than mania symptoms. [27] Functional impairment has been shown to be directly linked with increasing percentages of depressive symptoms, and because sub-syndromal symptoms are more common—and frequent—in Bipolar II disorder, they have been implicated heavily as a major cause of psychosocial disability. [20] There is evidence that shows the mild depressive symptoms, or even sub-syndromal symptoms, are responsible for the non-recovery of social functioning, which furthers the idea that residual depressive symptoms are detrimental for functional recovery in patients being treated for Bipolar II. [30] It has been suggested that symptom interference in relation to social and interpersonal relationships in Bipolar II Disorder is worse than symptom interference in other chronic medical illnesses such as cancer. [30] This social impairment can last for years, even after treatment that has resulted in a resolution of mood symptoms. [30] The factors related to this persistent social impairment are residual depressive symptoms, limited illness insight (a very common occurrence in patients with Bipolar II Disorder), and impaired executive functioning. [30] Impaired ability in regards to executive functions is directly tied to poor psychosocial functioning, a common side-effect in patients with Bipolar II. [31] The impact on a patient's psychosocial functioning stems from the depressive symptoms (more common in Bipolar II than Bipolar I). [27] An increase in these symptoms' severity seems to correlate with a significant increase in psychosocial disability. [31] Psychosocial disability can present itself in poor semantic memory , which in turn affects other cognitive domains like verbal memory and (as mentioned earlier) executive functioning leading to a direct and persisting impact on psychosocial functioning. [32] An abnormal semantic memory organization can manipulate thoughts and lead to the formation of delusions and possibly affect speech and communication problems, which can lead to interpersonal issues. [32] Bipolar II patients have also been shown to present worse cognitive functioning than those patients with Bipolar I, though they demonstrate about the same disability when it comes to occupational functioning, interpersonal relationships, and autonomy . [31] This disruption in cognitive functioning takes a toll on their ability to function in the workplace, which leads to high rates of work loss in Bipolar II patient populations. [27] After treatment and while in remission, Bipolar II patients tend to report a good psychosocial functioning but they still score less than patients without the disorder. [20] These lasting impacts further suggest that a prolonged exposure to an untreated Bipolar II disorder can lead to permanent adverse effects on functioning. [30] Recovery and recurrence [ edit ] Bipolar II Disorder has a chronic relapsing nature. [28] It has even been suggested that Bipolar II patients have a higher degree of relapse than Bipolar I patients. [26] Generally, within four years of an episode, around 60% of patients will relapse into another episode. [28] Some patients are even symptomatic half the time, either with full on episodes or symptoms that fall just below the threshold of an episode. [28] Because of the nature of the illness, long-term therapy is the best option and aims to not only control the symptoms but to maintain sustained remission and prevent relapses from occurring. [28] Even with treatment, patients do not always regain full functioning, especially in the social realm. [30] There is a very clear gap between symptomatic recovery and full functional recovery for both Bipolar I and Bipolar II patients. [31] As such, and because those with Bipolar II spend more time with depressive symptoms that do not quite qualify as a major depressive episode, the best chance for recovery is to have therapeutic interventions that focus on the residual depressive symptoms and to aim for improvement in psychosocial and cognitive functioning. [31] Even with treatment, a certain amount of responsibility is placed in the patient's hands; they have to be able to assume responsibility for their illness by accepting their diagnosis, taking the required medication, and seeking help when needed to do well in the future. [33] Treatment often lasts after remission is achieved, and the treatment that worked is continued during the continuation phase (lasting anywhere from 6–12 months) and maintenance can last 1–2 years or, in some cases, indefinitely. [34] One of the treatments of choice is Lithium , which has been shown to be very beneficial in reducing the frequency and severity of depressive episodes. [29] Lithium prevents mood relapse and works especially well in Bipolar II patients who experience rapid-cycling. [29] Almost all Bipolar II patients who take lithium have a decrease in the amount of time they spend ill and a decrease in mood episodes. [29] Along with medication, other forms of therapy have been shown to be beneficial for Bipolar II patients. ... The illness is very recurrent and results in severe disabilities, interpersonal relationship problems, barriers to academic, financial, and vocational goals, and a loss of social standing in their community, all of which increase the likelihood of suicide. [37] Mixed symptoms and rapid-cycling, both very common in Bipolar II, are also associated with an increased risk of suicide. [20] The tendency for Bipolar II to be misdiagnosed and treated ineffectively, or not at all in some cases, leads to an increased risk. [35] As a result of the high suicide risk for this group, reducing the risk and preventing attempts remains a main part of the treatment; a combination of self-monitoring, close supervision by a therapist, and faithful adherence to their medication regimen will help to reduce the risk and prevent the likelihood of a completed suicide. [37] Suicide, which is both a stereotypic yet highly individualized act, is a common endpoint for many patients with severe psychiatric illness.
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Self-Induced Abortion
Wikipedia
"Profile of Induced Abortions in Women from an Urban Slum of Delhi" . Indian Journal of Community Medicine . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . ... National Library of Medicine. v t e Abortion Main topics Definitions History Methods Abortion debate Philosophical aspects Abortion law Movements Abortion-rights movements Anti-abortion movements Issues Abortion and mental health Beginning of human personhood Beginning of pregnancy controversy Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis Anti-abortion violence Abortion under communism Birth control Crisis pregnancy center Ethical aspects of abortion Eugenics Fetal rights Forced abortion Genetics and abortion Late-term abortion Legalized abortion and crime effect Libertarian perspectives on abortion Limit of viability Malthusianism Men's rights Minors and abortion Natalism One-child policy Paternal rights and abortion Prenatal development Reproductive rights Self-induced abortion Sex-selective abortion Sidewalk counseling Societal attitudes towards abortion Socialism Toxic abortion Unsafe abortion Women's rights By country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Egypt Ghana Kenya Namibia Nigeria South Africa Uganda Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Georgia India Iran Israel Japan Kazakhstan South Korea Malaysia Nepal Northern Cyprus Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom North America Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Law Case law Constitutional law History of abortion law Laws by country Buffer zones Conscientious objection Fetal protection Heartbeat bills Informed consent Late-term restrictions Parental involvement Spousal consent Methods Vacuum aspiration Dilation and evacuation Dilation and curettage Intact D&X Hysterotomy Instillation Menstrual extraction Abortifacient drugs Methotrexate Mifepristone Misoprostol Oxytocin Self-induced abortion Unsafe abortion Religion Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Hinduism Islam Judaism Scientology Category Medicine portal
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
Wikipedia
Dissociative identity disorder Other names Multiple personality disorder, split personality [1] [2] An artist's interpretation of a person with multiple dissociated personality states Specialty Psychiatry , clinical psychology Symptoms At least two distinct and relatively enduring personality states , trouble remembering certain events [3] Complications Suicide , self harm [3] Duration Long-term [4] Causes Childhood trauma [4] [5] Differential diagnosis Other specified dissociative disorder, major depressive disorder , bipolar disorder especially bipolar II, PTSD , psychotic disorder , substance abuse disorder seizure disorder, personality disorder [3] Treatment Supportive care , psychotherapy [4] Frequency ~1.5–2% of people [3] [6] Dissociative identity disorder ( DID ), previously known as multiple personality disorder ( MPD ), [7] is a mental disorder characterized by the maintenance of at least two distinct and relatively enduring personality states . [3] The disorder is accompanied by memory gaps beyond what would be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. [3] [5] The personality states alternately show in a person's behavior; [3] however, presentations of the disorder vary. [5] Other conditions that often occur in people with DID include post-traumatic stress disorder , personality disorders (especially borderline and avoidant ), depression , substance use disorders , conversion disorder , somatic symptom disorder , eating disorders , obsessive–compulsive disorder , and sleep disorders . [3] Self-harm , non-epileptic seizures , flashbacks with amnesia for content of flashbacks, anxiety disorders , and suicidality are also common. [8] DID is associated with overwhelming traumas, or abuse during childhood. [3] : 294 [4] In about 90% of cases, there is a history of abuse in childhood , while other cases are linked to experiences of war , or medical procedures during childhood. [3] Genetic and biological factors are also believed to play a role. [5] [9] The diagnosis should not be made if the person's condition is better accounted for by substance abuse , seizures , other mental health problems, imaginative play in children, or religious practices . [3] Treatment generally involves supportive care and psychotherapy . [4] The condition usually persists without treatment. [4] [10] It is believed to affect about 1.5% of the general population (based on a small US community sample) and 3% of those admitted to hospitals with mental health issues in Europe and North America. [3] [6] DID is diagnosed about six times more often in females than males. [5] The number of recorded cases increased significantly in the latter half of the 20th century, along with the number of identities claimed by those affected. [5] DID is controversial within both psychiatry and the legal system. [5] [11] [12] In court cases, it has been used as a rarely successful form of the insanity defense . [13] [14] It is unclear whether increased rates of the disorder are due to better recognition or sociocultural factors such as media portrayals. [5] The typical presenting symptoms in different regions of the world may also vary depending on culture, for example alter identities taking the form of possessing spirits, deities , ghosts, or mythical figures in cultures where normative possession states are common. [3] : 295,801 The possession form of dissociative identity disorder is involuntary, distressing and occurs in a way that violates cultural or religious norms. [3] : 295 Contents 1 Definitions 2 Signs and symptoms 2.1 Comorbid disorders 2.1.1 Borderline personality disorder 3 Causes 3.1 General 3.2 Developmental trauma 3.3 Therapist-induced 3.4 Children 4 Pathophysiology 5 Diagnosis 5.1 General 5.2 Differential diagnoses 5.3 Controversy 6 Screening 7 Treatment 8 Prognosis 9 Epidemiology 9.1 General 9.2 Changing prevalence 9.3 North America 10 History 10.1 Early references 10.2 20th century 10.2.1 The Three Faces of Eve 10.3 History in the DSM 10.3.1 Sybil 10.3.2 Re-classifications 10.4 21st century 11 Society and culture 11.1 General 11.2 Legal issues 11.3 Rights movement 12 References 13 External links Definitions [ edit ] Dissociation , the term that underlies the dissociative disorders including DID, lacks a precise, empirical, and generally agreed upon definition. [15] A large number of diverse experiences have been termed dissociative, ranging from normal failures in attention to the breakdowns in memory processes characterized by the dissociative disorders. ... However, it is unclear whether this is due to an actual increase in identities, or simply that the psychiatric community has become more accepting of a high number of compartmentalized memory components. [15] [ failed verification ] Comorbid disorders [ edit ] The psychiatric history frequently contains multiple previous diagnoses of various disorders and treatment failures. [26] The most common presenting complaint of DID is depression , with headaches being a common neurological symptom. ... Suicidal ideation , failed suicide attempts , and self-harm also occur. [4] Duration of treatment can vary depending on patient goals, which can range from merely improving inter-alter communication and cooperation, to reducing inter-alter amnesia, to integration of all alters, but generally takes years. [4] Epidemiology [ edit ] General [ edit ] There is little systematic data on the prevalence of DID. [68] Most clinicians think, or are taught to believe, that DID and dissociation in general is a rare disorder that is the result of horrific or otherwise traumatic events and experiences. [6] [11] They may also view it as consisting of "florid, dramatic presentation." [6] Beidel et al. state, "Population prevalence estimates vary widely, from extremely rare [...] to rates approximating that of schizophrenia [...] Estimates of DID inpatients settings range from 1-9.6%." [15] Reported rates in the community vary from 1% to 3% with higher rates among psychiatric patients. [6] [22] Şar et al. state, "Studies conducted in various countries led to a consensus about prevalences of DID: 3–5% among psychiatric inpatients, 2–3% among outpatients, and 1% in the general population. Prevalences appear heightened among adolescent psychiatric outpatients and in the psychiatric emergency unit." [9] DID is 5 to 9 times more common in females than males during young adulthood, although this may be due to selection bias as males who could be diagnosed with DID may end up in the criminal justice system rather than hospitals. [15] In children, rates among females and males are approximately the same (5:4). [24] DID diagnoses are extremely rare in children; much of the research on childhood DID occurred in the 1980s and 1990s and does not address ongoing controversies surrounding the diagnosis. [40] DID occurs more commonly in young adults [68] and declines with age. [69] Although the condition has been described in non-English speaking nations and non-Western cultures, these reports all occur in English-language journals authored by international researchers who cite Western scientific literature and are therefore not isolated from Western influences. [40] Changing prevalence [ edit ] Rates of diagnosed DID were increasing, reaching a peak of approximately 40,000 cases by the end of the 20th century, up from less than 200 before 1970. [24] [15] Initially DID along with the rest of the dissociative disorders were considered the rarest of psychological conditions, numbering less than 100 by 1944, with only one further case added in the next two decades. [16] In the late 1970s and 80s, the number of diagnoses rose sharply. [16] An estimate from the 1980s places the incidence at 0.01%. [24] Accompanying this rise was an increase in the number of alters, rising from only the primary and one alter personality in most cases, to an average of 13 in the mid-1980s (the increase in both number of cases and number of alters within each case are both factors in professional skepticism regarding the diagnosis). [16] Others explain the increase as being due to the use of inappropriate therapeutic techniques in highly suggestible individuals, though this is itself controversial [41] [45] while proponents of DID claim the increase in incidence is due to increased recognition of and ability to recognize the disorder. [15] Figures from psychiatric populations (inpatients and outpatients) show a wide diversity from different countries. [70] North America [ edit ] The DSM-5 estimates the prevalence of DID at 1.5% based on a "small community study." Dissociative disorders were excluded from the Epidemiological Catchment Area Project .
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Flat-Chested Kitten Syndrome
Wikipedia
This cause is now cited by the veterinary community (Sturgess 2016) but without any source acknowledgement. ... Although the condition is believed to be more prevalent in the Burmese breed it is found in every breed of cat, including non-pedigree domestic cats, and the apparent prevalence in the Burmese is most likely due to better communication between breeders and reporting of the condition, as well as the naturally more barrel-shaped chest of this particular genotype. [3] Since early reporting of the condition identified the Burmese as susceptible the Bengal breed, with a similar physiology, has emerged, and shows a similarly large number of FCKS kittens, however this may be due to specific interest in the condition among those working with the breeds.
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Scarlet Fever
Wikipedia
In most cases of rheumatic heart disease, the mitral valve is affected, ultimately leading to mitral stenosis . [18] The link to rheumatic fever and heart disease is a particular concern in Australia, because of the high prevalence of these diseases in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. [5] Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis : This is inflammation of the kidney, which presents 1–2 weeks after a group A streptococcal pharyngitis. ... There have been several reported outbreaks of the disease in various countries in the past decade. [41] The reason for these recent increases remains unclear in the medical community. Between 2013 and 2016 population rates of scarlet fever in England increased from 8.2 to 33.2 per 100,000 and hospital admissions for scarlet fever increased by 97%. [42] History [ edit ] It is unclear when a description of this disease was first recorded. [43] Hippocrates , writing around 400 BC, described the condition of a person with a reddened skin and fever. [44] The first description of the disease in the medical literature appeared in the 1553 book De Tumoribus praeter Naturam by the Sicilian anatomist and physician Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia , where he referred to it as rossalia . ... "Prophage exotoxins enhance colonization fitness in epidemic scarlet fever-causing Streptococcus pyogenes" . Nat Commun . 11 (5018): 5018. doi : 10.1038/s41467-020-18700-5 .
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Coma
Wikipedia
Oxygen deprivation in the brain , also known as hypoxia , causes sodium and calcium from outside of the neurons to decrease and intracellular calcium to increase, which harms neuron communication. [13] Lack of oxygen in the brain also causes ATP exhaustion and cellular breakdown from cytoskeleton damage and nitric oxide production. ... The method, called deep brain stimulation (DBS) successfully roused communication, complex movement and eating ability in the 38-year-old American man who suffered a traumatic brain injury. ... Neurotechnology and Direct Brain Communication . doi : 10.4324/9781315723983 .CPS1, ATP1A2, TSHB, OXT, GCG, CYP2D6, CACNA1A, RANBP2, HNF1A, ABCC8, STAT3, SLC22A5, ACADM, PRF1, PLAGL1, PCCB, PCCA, OTC, NOTCH3, NDUFS4, MMUT, POLG, UCP2, MC2R, HYMAI, MMAB, MMAA, NAGS, NAXE, SLC19A3, MCCC2, MCCC1, KYNU, CFHR3, TRDN, SLC25A15, SLC25A13, EIF2AK3, SLC7A7, MEN1, IVD, KCNJ11, BCKDHA, CPT2, CPT1A, SLC25A20, BTD, BRAF, BCKDHB, AUH, DBT, ATP7B, ASS1, ASPA, ASL, APP, ALDOB, ACAT1, CTNNB1, FBP1, CFH, PDX1, INSR, INS, HNF4A, HMGCL, HLCS, CFHR1, HADHB, HADHA, GK, GCK, GCDH, ZFP57, TTR, PRNP, APOE, ABCD2
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Gender Dysphoria In Children
Wikipedia
I want to help people feel better about themselves, not hurt them.'" [45] However, opponents continue to argue that the diagnosis "harms the very children it purports to help". [48] The DSM-5 change to "gender dysphoria" was endorsed by transgender activists and allies as a way to lessen stigma but maintain a diagnostic route to trans-specific medical care. [49] However, Lev states that the diagnosis of gender dysphoria continues to pathologize transgender experiences. [50] Alternative views Referencing contemporary Western views on gender diversity, psychologist Diane Ehrensaft stated: "I am witnessing a shake-up in the mental health community as training sessions, workshops and conferences are proliferating all over this country and around the world, demanding that we reevaluate the binary system of gender, throw out the idea that gender nonconformity is a disorder, and establish new guidelines for facilitating the healthy development of gender-creative children." [51] Child-adolescent psychiatrist Edgardo Menvielle and psychotherapist Catherine Tuerck offer a support group for parents of gender non-conforming children at the Children's National Medical Centre in Washington D.C., aimed "not at changing children's behaviours but at helping parents to be supportive". [52] Other publications began to call for a similar approach, to support parents to help their child become their authentic self. [51] [53] Community organizations established to support these families have begun to develop, such as Gender Spectrum, [54] Trans Youth Family Allies, [55] Gender Creative Kids Canada, [56] and Trans Kids Purple Rainbow, [57] as well as conferences such as Gender Odyssey Family Conference [58] and summer camps such as Camp Aranu'tiq, [59] all with the goal of supporting healthy families with gender non conforming or transgender children. ... CNN. ^ "The New Face of Transgender Youth" . ^ The 519 Community Centre. (2011). [2] "Gender Independent Children and Family Support Survey" ^ Feinberg, L. (1996).
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Problem Gambling
Wikipedia
Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Factors that lead to gambling addiction 2.1 Suicide rates 3 Mechanisms 3.1 Biology 3.2 Psychological 4 Diagnosis 5 Treatment 5.1 Step-based programs 5.2 Motivational interviewing 5.3 Peer support 5.4 Self-help 5.5 Anti-addiction drugs 5.6 Self-exclusion 5.7 Impact (Australia) 6 Prevalence 6.1 Europe 6.2 North America 6.3 Oceania (Australia) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Research by governments in Australia led to a universal definition for that country which appears to be the only research-based definition not to use diagnostic criteria: "Problem gambling is characterized by many difficulties in limiting money and/or time spent on gambling which leads to adverse consequences for the gambler, others, or for the community." [9] The University of Maryland Medical Center defines pathological gambling as "being unable to resist impulses to gamble, which can lead to severe personal or social consequences". [10] Most other definitions of problem gambling can usually be simplified to any gambling that causes harm to the gambler or someone else in any way; however, these definitions are usually coupled with descriptions of the type of harm or the use of diagnostic criteria. [ citation needed ] The DSM-V has since reclassified pathological gambling as "gambling disorder" and has listed the disorder under substance-related and addictive disorders rather than impulse-control disorders. ... These authors point out that social factors may be a far more important determinant of gambling behaviour than brain chemicals and they suggest that a social model may be more useful in understanding the issue. [29] For example, an apparent increase in problem gambling in the UK may be better understood as a consequence of changes in legislation which came into force in 2007 and enabled casinos, bookmakers, and online betting sites to advertise on TV and radio for the first time and which eased restrictions on the opening of betting shops and online gambling sites. [30] Pathological gambling is similar to many other impulse control disorders such as kleptomania . [31] According to evidence from both community- and clinic-based studies, individuals who are pathological gamblers are highly likely to exhibit other psychiatric problems concurrently, including substance use disorders , mood and anxiety disorders , or personality disorders . [32] Pathological gambling shows several similarities with substance abuse. ... Dependence Concepts Physical dependence Psychological dependence Withdrawal Disorders Drugs Alcoholism Amphetamine Barbiturate Benzodiazepine Caffeine Cannabis Cocaine Nicotine Opioid Non-drug stimuli Tanning dependence Treatment and management Detoxification Alcohol detoxification Drug detoxification Behavioral therapies Cognitive behavioral therapy Relapse prevention Contingency management Community reinforcement approach and family training Motivational enhancement therapy Motivational interviewing Motivational therapy Physical exercise Treatment programs Drug rehab Residential treatment center Heroin-assisted treatment Intensive outpatient program Methadone maintenance Smoking cessation Nicotine replacement therapy Tobacco cessation clinics in India Twelve-step program Support groups Addiction recovery groups List of twelve-step groups Harm reduction Category:Harm reduction Drug checking Reagent testing Low-threshold treatment programs Managed alcohol program Moderation Management Needle exchange program Responsible drug use Stimulant maintenance Supervised injection site Tobacco harm reduction See also Addiction medicine Allen Carr Category:Addiction Discrimination against drug addicts Dopamine dysregulation syndrome Cognitive control Inhibitory control Motivational salience Incentive salience Sober companion Category
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Anterograde Amnesia
Wikipedia
It is known to be important for the storage and processing of declarative memory , which allows for factual recall. It is also known to communicate with the neocortex in the establishment and maintenance of long-term memories, although its known functions are independent of long-term memory . ... The patient in this case did not show any disconnection syndrome, which is unexpected since the structures involved divide the brain hemispheres (both sides of her brain were able to communicate). Instead, she showed signs of amnesia.
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Echinococcosis
Wikipedia
Proper disposal of carcasses and offal after home slaughter is difficult in poor and remote communities and therefore dogs readily have access to offal from livestock, thus completing the parasite cycle of Echinococcus granulosus and putting communities at risk of cystic echinococcosis. ... "Performance characteristics and quality control of community based ultrasound surveys for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis". ... Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. ^ Viegas, Jennifer "Dogs Were a Prehistoric Woman's Best Friend, Too" Archived 18 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Discovery Communications , 17 July 2014. Retrieved on 25 November 2014. ... Trichostrongyliasis Halicephalobus gingivalis Oxyurida Enterobius vermicularis Enterobiasis Adenophorea Trichinella spiralis Trichinosis Trichuris trichiura ( Trichuriasis / Whipworm ) Capillaria philippinensis Intestinal capillariasis C. hepatica v t e Dogs Behavior Barking Communication Human–canine bond Intelligence Dog–cat relationship Health Aging Anatomy Coat Conformation Diseases Dog food Odor Rabies Reproduction Skin disorders Vaccination Training Clicker Crate training Training Housebreaking Socialization Types African village dogs Bichons Bulldogs Curs Dogos Feists Hairless dogs Herding dogs Hounds Scenthounds Sighthounds Laikas Livestock guardian dogs Mastiffs Pinschers Pointers Retrievers Setters Schnauzers Spaniels Spitz Street dogs Terriers Water dogs Wolfdogs Breeds List of breeds List of crossbreeds Breeding Crossbreeds Extinct breeds Most popular Pure breeds Roles Assistance dogs Attack dogs Bay dogs Catch dogs Companion dogs Detection dogs Fighting dogs Guard dogs Guide dogs Gun dogs Hearing dogs Herding dog Hunting dogs Lap dogs Meat dogs Mercy dog Pet dogs Police dogs Search and rescue dogs Sled dogs Therapy dogs Toy dogs Turnspit dogs War dogs Human–dog interaction Animal testing Baiting Breed-specific legislation Dog attack Dog fighting Dog park Human-canine bond Dog sports Dog walking Dog daycare Dog grooming Famous dogs Therapy Fear of dogs Dog licence Dog meat Dog food dog biscuit 2007 recalls Dogs in religion Dogs in space Origin of the domestic dog Category
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Mirage Syndrome
Gene_reviews
Renal dysfunction Serum creatinine & blood urea nitrogen Urinalysis To assess for proteinuria & evidence of renal tubular acidosis Genetic counseling By genetics professionals 1 To inform patients & their families re nature, MOI, & implications of MIRAGE syndrome in order to facilitate medical & personal decision making Family support/ resources Assess: Use of community or online resources such as Parent to Parent; Need for social work involvement for parental support; Need for home nursing referral. ... Esophageal dysfunction Consider duodenal tube feeding in those w/recurrent aspiration pneumonia. 3 Developmental delay Referral to an early intervention program for occupational, physical, speech, & feeding therapy Consultation w/developmental pediatrician to ensure involvement of appropriate community, state, & educational agencies & to support parents in maximizing quality of life Autonomic dysfunction Use of artificial tear solutions & treatment per ophthalmologist Mgmt of ambient temperature for those w/temperature instability Renal dysfunction Treatment per nephrologist HRT = hormone replacement therapy; HSCT = hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; Ig = immunoglobulin; IV = intravenous 1.
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Shingles
Wikipedia
Multiple studies and surveillance data, at least when viewed superficially, demonstrate no consistent trends in incidence in the U.S. since the chickenpox vaccination program began in 1995. [87] However, upon closer inspection, the two studies that showed no increase in shingles incidence were conducted among populations where varicella vaccination was not as yet widespread in the community. [88] [89] A later study by Patel et al. concluded that since the introduction of the chickenpox vaccine, hospitalization costs for complications of shingles increased by more than $700 million annually for those over age 60. [90] Another study by Yih et al. reported that as varicella vaccine coverage in children increased, the incidence of varicella decreased, and the occurrence of shingles among adults increased by 90%. [91] The results of a further study by Yawn et al. showed a 28% increase in shingles incidence from 1996 to 2001. [92] It is likely that incidence rate will change in the future, due to the aging of the population, changes in therapy for malignant and autoimmune diseases, and changes in chickenpox vaccination rates; a wide adoption of zoster vaccination could dramatically reduce the incidence rate. [8] In one study, it was estimated that 26% of those who contract shingles eventually present complications. ... CSF pleocytosis, previously thought to be a strong indicator of VZV encephalitis, was absent in half of a group of patients diagnosed with VZV encephalitis by PCR. [115] The frequency of CNS infections presented at the emergency room of a community hospital is not negligible, so a means of diagnosing cases is needed.HLA-B, LINC02785, HCP5, TMC7, FAM110B, LRRC32, TNF, CPS1, IL10, HLA-DRB1, HLA-A, ARSA, IFNG, APOE, ESR1, RBM45, CRP, TMPRSS13, TECTA, LMLN, IL33, ENOSF1, GAL, BOD1, PART1, CXCL13, RECQL4, TRPV1, CCR2, THBS1, MIP, STAT3, MUC1, CD34, CCR5, CTLA4, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, EGFR, ETFA, GP2, IL5, IL6, IL7, IL17A, MBL2, MECP2, MSMB, MST1, MTX1, LINC02605
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Sphingosine Phosphate Lyase Insufficiency Syndrome
Gene_reviews
Brain MRI if not previously performed Musculoskeletal Orthopedics / physical medicine & rehab / PT / OT eval To incl assessment of: Gross motor & fine motor skills Contractures & kyphoscoliosis Mobility, ADL, & need for adaptive devices Need for PT (to improve gross motor skills) &/or OT (to improve fine motor skills) Hearing Audiologic eval For sensorineural hearing loss Speech Speech & language pathology assessment For those w/DD &/or hearing loss Development Developmental assessment To incl: Motor, adaptive, cognitive, & speech/language eval Eval for early intervention / special education Ichthyosis/ Acanthosis Dermatology referral if skin abnormalities Genetic counseling By genetics professionals 1 To inform patients & their families re nature, MOI, & implications of SPLIS in order to facilitate medical & personal decision making Family support/ resources Assess: Use of community or online resources such as Parent to Parent; Need for social work involvement for parental support; Need for home nursing referral. ... Hearing Hearing aids may be helpful; per audiologist. Community hearing services through early intervention or school district Speech Speech therapy Ichthyosis Topical emollients Family/ Community Ensure appropriate social work involvement to connect families w/local resources, respite, & support. ... Consultation with a developmental pediatrician is recommended to ensure the involvement of appropriate community, state, and educational agencies (US) and to support parents in maximizing quality of life.
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Fasciolosis
Wikipedia
In the Northern Bolivian Altiplano, prevalences detected in some communities were up to 72% and 100% in coprological and serological surveys, respectively. [7] In Peru, F. hepatica in humans occurs throughout the country. ... The highest prevalence was recorded in Egypt where the disease is distributed in communities living in the Nile Delta . [3] Asia [ edit ] In Asia, the most human cases were reported in Iran, especially in Gīlān Province , on the Caspian Sea .