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Red Scare In Japan
Wikipedia
The Red Scare in Japan refers to the promotion of fear of the rise of communism or radical leftism in Japan. Throughout the history of Imperial Japan , the government suppressed socialist and communist movements. [1] In order to combat the Communist International , Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany and Italy in Nov. 6, 1937. [2] Near the end of World War II , Prince Konoe Fumimaro promoted the fear of a communist revolution as a result of Japan's defeat . [3] In response to Cold War tensions in Asia, the CIA funded the Japanese Liberal Democratic Party in an effort to turn Japan into a bulwark against communism during the 1950s and 1960s. [4] Contents 1 See also 2 Further reading 3 External links 4 References See also [ edit ] Japan portal Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period Political repression in Imperial Japan Japanese Red Army Further reading [ edit ] Tetsuya Kataoka (1991).
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Language Disorder
Wikipedia
Language disorders tend to manifest in two different ways: receptive language disorders (where one cannot properly comprehend language) and expressive language disorders (where one cannot properly communicate their intended message). Contents 1 Receptive language disorders 2 Expressive language disorders 3 Psychopathology of language 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Receptive language disorders [ edit ] Receptive language disorders can be acquired or developmental (most often the latter). ... See also [ edit ] Aphasia Auditory processing disorder Broca's area Communication disorder Dyslexia List of language disorders Semantic pragmatic disorder Specific language impairment Speech and language pathology in school settings Speech repetition References [ edit ] ^ Katusic, Slavica K.; Colligan, Robert C.; Weaver, Amy L.; Barbaresi, William J. (2009-05-01). ... Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ^ Pinborough-Zimmerman, J., Satterfield, R., Miller, J., Bilder, D., Hossain, S., & McMahon, W. (2007). Communication disorders: Prevalence and comorbid intellectual disability, autism, and emotional/ behavioral disorders. ... "Connectionist networks and language disorders". J Commun Disord . 27 (4): 305–23. doi : 10.1016/0021-9924(94)90020-5 . ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : F80 ICD - 9-CM : 315.3 MeSH : D007806 v t e Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders Conditions Speech, language , and communication Expressive language disorder Infantile speech Landau–Kleffner syndrome Language disorder Lisp Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder Specific language impairment Speech and language impairment Speech disorder Speech error Speech sound disorder Stuttering Tip of the tongue Learning disability Dyslexia Dyscalculia Dysgraphia Disorder of written expression Motor Developmental coordination disorder Developmental verbal dyspraxia Sensory Auditory processing disorder Sensory processing disorder Related topics Dyslexia research Irlen filters Learning Ally Learning problems in childhood cancer Literacy Management of dyslexia Multisensory integration Neuropsychology Reading acquisition Spelling Writing system Lists Dyslexia in fiction Languages by Writing System People with dyslexiaDRD2, ANKK1, NR4A2, PPP2CA, CNTNAP2, PSEN1, PSEN2, MAPT, TBK1, ABCD1, SYNGAP1, VCP, HNF1B, SORL1, APP, SPP1, ADGRG1, PRPS1, SQSTM1, CPLX1, ABCA7, TOMM40, PRKAR1B, ERLIN2, ADNP, SH2B1, TREM2, MSTO1, MBD5, GATAD2B, TBC1D24, TM4SF20, FOXP2, FLCN, MAPK1, STAT4, PPP3CA, LHX1, GJB1, FTL, C1R, HNRNPA1, BCR, HNRNPA2B1, C1QA, IRAK1, CRKL, FOXP1, ATP2C2, CMIP, DCDC2, EN2, ARSD, CEBPD, CHRNA4, CELF4, MDFIC, COA7, BDNF, NDST4, PYCARD, ZNF385D, SHANK3, ATM, NFXL1, STS, IRGM, C4orf3, C20orf181, CHRNA7, DBI, SRPX2, CUL5, NPAT, NFKBIL1, ROBO1, SHBG, SHH, SIM1, SOD1, IGFALS, HTC2, GRIN2B, ELP4, GRIN2A, ADAMTS2, KIAA0319, GPD2, ETV6, SHANK2, MED13L, SHC2, PPP1R3A, AUTS1
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Foreign Language Anxiety
Wikipedia
The causes of foreign language anxiety have been broadly separated into three main components: communication apprehension , test anxiety and fear of negative evaluation . [8] Communication apprehension is the anxiety experienced when speaking or listening to other individuals. ... A high level of foreign language anxiety may also correspond with communication apprehension, causing individuals to be quieter and less willing to communicate. [21] People who exhibit this kind of communication reticence can also sometimes be perceived as less trustworthy, less competent, less socially and physically attractive, tenser, less composed and less dominant than their less reticent counterparts. ... It investigates participants' communication apprehension, test-anxiety and fear of negative evaluation and focuses on speaking in a classroom context. ... The first step of recognizing and acknowledging the anxiety is needed in order to communicate their needs with their teacher and more effectively reach a strategy for reducing their anxiety. ... "An exploration of Chinese EFL learners' Unwillingness to Communicate and Foreign Language Anxiety".
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Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 13
Gene_reviews
Dysarthria Speech/language therapy Consider alternative communication methods as needed (e.g., writing pads & digital devices). ... When feeding dysfunction is severe, an NG-tube or G-tube may be necessary. Communication issues. Consider evaluation for alternative means of communication (e.g., Augmentative and Alternative Communication [AAC]) for individuals who have expressive language difficulties. ... The evaluation will consider cognitive abilities and sensory impairments to determine the most appropriate form of communication. AAC devices can range from low-tech, such as picture exchange communication, to high-tech, such as voice-generating devices. ... Dysarthria Speech/language therapy Consider alternative communication methods as needed (e.g., writing pads & digital devices). ... Dysarthria Speech/language development Need for alternative communication method Patients should receive routine care in the context of a comprehensive program if available.
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Cluttering
Wikipedia
Speech and communication disorder This article is about the speech disorder. ... Find sources: "Cluttering" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( December 2012 ) Cluttering Other names Tachyphemia, tachyphrasia Specialty Pediatrics , Psychiatry Cluttering is a speech and communication disorder characterized by a rapid rate of speech, erratic rhythm, and poor syntax or grammar, making speech difficult to understand. Contents 1 Classification 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Differential diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 History 6 Society and culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Classification [ edit ] Cluttering is a speech and communication disorder that has also been described as a fluency disorder. [1] It is defined as: Cluttering is a fluency disorder characterized by a rate that is perceived to be abnormally rapid, irregular, or both for the speaker (although measured syllable rates may not exceed normal limits). ... Cluttering is sometimes confused with stuttering. Both communication disorders break the normal flow of speech, but they are distinct. ... Additionally, video and audio recordings may be used to show those who clutter where communication starts to break down in their speech. [7] In general, slowing the rate of speech and/or monitoring speech more effectively should lead to clearer articulation.
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Internet Addiction Disorder
Wikipedia
World of Warcraft has the largest MMORPG community online and there have been a number of studies about the addictive qualities of the game. ... Jim Rossignol, a finance journalist who reports on Internet gaming has described how he overcame his own addiction and channeled his compulsion into a desirable direction as a reporter of Internet gaming and gaming culture. [16] Communication addiction disorder (compulsive talking) [ edit ] Main article: Communication addiction disorder Communication addiction disorder (CAD) is a supposed behavioral disorder related to the necessity of being in constant communication with other people, even when there is no practical necessity for such communication. ... Users become addicted to one-on-one or group communication in the form of social support, relationships, and entertainment. ... NoSurf [ edit ] The NoSurf Reddit community [90] maintains a list of resources and strategies helpful for people trying to decrease their internet usage. ... ISBN 9780472033973 . ^ Walther, J.B. (1999) "Communication Addiction Disorder: Concern over media, behavior and effects [APA conference talk]". ^ Echeburua E.; de Corral P. (2010).
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Biphobia
Wikipedia
This causes many members of the gay male community to assume that the very idea that men can be bisexual is homophobic to gay men. ... These men argue that the gay male community have something to learn about respect for the individual from the lesbian community, in which there is not a strong tradition to assume links between notions about the origins of sexual preferences and the acceptance thereof. ... Eisner (2013) also writes, "some forms of biphobic stigma frequently observed in gay and lesbian communities: that bisexuals are privileged, that bisexuals will ultimately choose heterosexual relationships and lifestyles, that bisexual women are reinforcing patriarchy, that bisexuality is not a political identity, that bisexual women carry HIV to lesbian communities, and so on." [24] Negative stereotypes [ edit ] Many stereotypes about people who identify as bisexual stem from denial or bisexual erasure. ... "Speaking Out Loud About Bisexuality: Biphobia in the Gay and Lesbian Community". Journal of Bisexuality . 8 (1–2): 82. doi : 10.1080/15299710802142259 . ... "Rethinking microaggressions and anti-social behaviour against LGBTIQ+ youth". Safer Communities . 15 (4): 190–201. doi : 10.1108/SC-02-2016-0004 .
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Aphasia
Wikipedia
Alternately, in the case of progressive aphasia, it must have significatly declined over a short period of time. The four aspects of communication are auditory comprehension, verbal expression, reading and writing, and functional communication. ... These facial movement forms of communication come from the same areas of the brain. ... With this said, people with global aphasia may retain gestural communication skills that may enable success when communicating with conversational partners within familiar conditions. ... In this kind of therapy, the focus is on pragmatic communication rather than treatment itself. ... "Tapping into neural resources of communication: formulaic language in aphasia therapy" .PLAT, L1CAM, GRN, ACTB, CFHR3, TCF4, TCOF1, HIRA, UBTF, UFD1, VCP, SQSTM1, ADAMTS2, POLR1C, SEC24C, RAI1, CHMP2B, SMARCA2, NSDHL, POLR1D, TREM2, NDUFB11, TMEM106B, ALG1, EHMT1, L2HGDH, PRRT2, AMER1, CKAP2L, FLCN, C9orf72, TBX1, SCN8A, ACTG1, SCN2A, STS, ARVCF, ATP1A2, ATRX, CACNA1A, COL1A1, COL1A2, COMT, COX7B, FGFR1, GP1BB, GRIN2A, HCCS, CFH, CFHR1, KCNQ2, KCNQ3, KRAS, MAPT, MECP2, OCRL, PLEC, PSEN1, RREB1, SCN1A, JMJD1C, TARDBP, IARS2
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Mental Disorders Diagnosed In Childhood
Wikipedia
These deficits could be in at least two of the following areas: taking care of oneself, social skills, health, academic skills, communication, living at home, ability to self-direct, use of community resources, work, free time, and safety. ... Children with communication disorders may have trouble following directions or naming simple objects. ... Treatment [ edit ] Speech and language therapists are often very reliable for helping children with communication disorders. Remedial techniques are often used to help the child communicate more and work on their existing problems. ... Treatment often involves promoting better communication and socializing, and reducing behaviors that can be disruptive. ... CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) ^ "Communication Disorders." Psychology Today.TANC2, TBR1, CDKL5, MECP2, STXBP1, SCN2A, CHD2, PTEN, FOXG1, FOXP1, TCF4, GRIN2B, MEF2C, POGZ, SYNGAP1, SCN1A, EEF1A2, SCN8A, DHX30, DDX3X, GABRB3, ZNF292, ARID1B, TRIO, GABRB2, KCNQ2, DLG4, CTNNB1, DYRK1A, MYT1L, ANKRD11, CASK, WDFY3, KCNH1, TCF7L2, BRSK2, HNRNPU, PPM1D, GNAO1, TRIP12, NEXMIF, SETD5, KMT2E, ASH1L, DOCK8, HIVEP3, ALG13, GIGYF2, ASXL3, PAK1, SNAP25, KMT2C, PURA, PHF2, PLXNB1, PAX5, PPP2R5D, CACNA2D3, PTK7, PTPN11, KMT2A, SETD2, LMX1B, WAC, ITPR1, ILF2, SLC6A1, KMT5B, SPAST, KATNAL2, TBL1XR1, RIMS1, CDC42BPB, MED13L, PARD3B, TNRC6B, IQSEC2, SMC3, ADNP, DLGAP1, DNM1, CUL3, WDR45, SETBP1, SMC1A, SRCAP, NCKAP1, SRGAP3, DSCAM, ANK2, CERT1, ADCY5, ZC3H4, EBF3, NRXN1, NKX2-1, CNTNAP2, UBE3A, BRPF1, SHANK3, FMR1, SMARCA1, MBD5, ARSD, MTOR, PRKN, BDNF, PTCHD1, EHMT1, CBLL2, BANF1, ARX, MUL1, FOXP2, GPHN, PVALB, ANK3, CTCF, USP9X, KCNB1, MCPH1, CNTN6, CSNK2A1, L1CAM, AUTS2, DTNBP1, CACNA1C, ARHGEF2, RBFOX1, RELN, GRIN2A, MAGEL2, SATB2, MET, DISC1, ACTL6B, KDM5C, USP7, KDM5B, SNRPN, HUWE1, PHF8, HNF1B, PRS, NRG3, AHDC1, KAT6A, PSMD12, CNTN5, SETD1A, SOX5, SMARCA4, SMARCA2, SOX11, SLC6A3, HERC2, SLC2A1, TRIM32, SHANK2, SLC1A4, TSC2, GREM1, CYFIP2, VEGFA, TLK2, RPL10, BCL11A, ZBTB20, NSUN2, DEAF1, DHPS, SLC2A4RG, WDR62, GRM5, NPAS4, GATAD2B, ZMIZ1, HTR7, HTT, GNB1, MIR137, ATP1A3, ASTN1, HTC2, BCL11B, STRADA, HES1, HECW2, DPP6, KIRREL3, CSNK2B, EIF5A, ELN, CNTN4, NTNG2, DLG2, BPTF, GRM7, CACNA1A, KDM6B, KANK1, TPH2, H4-16, PIK3AP1, FBXW7, ZNF804A, TANC1, RHOBTB2, ARHGEF9, ASTN2, ADGRL3, WWC1, DMXL2, CAPS2, CUX2, NEDD4L, TNPO3, SH2B1, UPF2, NFASC, MICU2, NAXE, WASH6P, ALDH1L1, CCDC88C, MIR379, BDNF-AS, RAI1, H4C15, SNORD116@, MACROD2, PTLS, WASHC1, GNB5, PTCHD1-AS, CXCR6, SLU7, PDE10A, MDD1, MIR219A1, PNKP, DLGAP4, ZNF507, AGMO, NTNG1, TRAK1, LRRTM1, RAB40AL, KCTD13, PHACTR1, SCAMP5, RLS1, VPS13B, RBFOX3, PHF6, NAA15, IMMP2L, CPA6, UGT1A1, ACKR3, NLGN3, RARS2, PCBP4, WWOX, TBC1D24, DPYSL5, FZR1, SLC12A5, SHROOM4, PRR12, KIDINS220, NLGN4X, ANKS1B, FMN2, KLF16, AHI1, ULK4, MEG3, KIF21A, UHRF1BP1, CC2D1A, NDE1, ATG7, GTPBP2, FBLIM1, PPP1R9A, AMBRA1, CHD7, PAG1, MEPCE, PHF21A, PCDH19, SEPSECS, GTDC1, TSPYL2, NPAS3, UPF3B, SECISBP2, MSANTD2, ELP4, PHGDH, HACE1, INTS1, FAM124B, DARS2, FBXO11, NDEL1, APH1B, PRUNE1, EPG5, LRRC4C, ZSWIM6, SRPX2, HPGDS, DLL1, GIT1, CHD8, UNC79, NLGN2, LRRC7, TAOK1, EJM2, EXOSC3, NUFIP2, ATL1, AAVS1, H4C2, ZBTB18, YAP1, GSTP1, GRM2, GRIK2, GRIA4, GRIA2, GPR42, GNAI2, GFAP, GDI1, GABRG3, GABRG2, GABRA1, GAST, FRAXE, FRAXA, FGF2, EZH2, ESR2, ERBB4, ENPEP, EN2, EIF4G1, EIF4EBP2, GUK1, H2AZ1, HCFC1, KIF5C, NCAM2, MTRR, MTR, MRC1, MEF2A, MAPT, MAB21L1, LIMK1, LAMB1, AFF3, KCNQ3, NRG1, KCNMA1, KCNA2, INSR, IL10, IL6, ICAM1, HPRT1, HNRNPH2, HMGN1, UBE2K, EIF4E, EIF4A1, EFNB2, ATP7A, CAPN1, CALR, CALCR, CALB2, CACNA1E, CACNA1D, DAGLA, BRS3, BRAF, AVP, ASNS, CD38, STS, ARNTL, APP, APOE, NUDT2, ADRA2B, ADRA1A, ADCYAP1R1, ADCYAP1, ADAM10, SERPINH1, CDH2, EEF1D, DARS1, EEF1B2, EDNRA, DUSP2, DPH1, DOCK3, DMD, DIO3, DIAPH1, DDX6, BRINP1, CYP2C9, CDH13, CYP2C19, CX3CR1, CTLA4, CRP, CREBBP, KLF6, COL9A3, CHRNA7, CHRNA4, CHD4, NDP, NFIC, CNOT3, H4C5, HDAC3, CCNK, RAB11A, EIF3A, PSMG1, CNTNAP1, SMARCA5, GNPAT, H4C14, H4C13, ACTB, AP1S2, H4C8, H4C3, H4C11, H4C12, H4C6, H4C4, H4C1, FZD9, H4C9, KMT2D, EIF2B2, SNURF, ZNF142, GTF2IRD1, CPQ, RACK1, WARS2, FEM1B, DGCR2, MED13, TLK1, SETDB1, ZEB2, TMEM94, GABBR2, PHOX2B, ATG5, CDYL, NRXN2, NRXN3, LHX2, TAOK2, AP4M1, LPAR2, TOP3B, MBD2, AIMP2, ZNF711, NTRK1, POMC, RNF2, OPN1LW, RARS1, RAC3, PTPN4, PSD, PPP3CA, PTPA, PPP2CA, POU3F3, PLK1, RORB, PIK3CG, PIK3CD, PIK3CB, PIK3CA, PIK3C3, PC, PAFAH1B1, OXTR, ODC1, NR4A2, ROBO1, RYR2, ZFX, SYT1, VIP, VDR, VARS1, NR1H2, SLC35A2, TSC1, HSP90B2P, TLR3, TFE3, TAF1, SYP, SCN3A, VAMP2, SSTR4, SRY, SOX4, SOX3, SNCA, SMARCC2, SMARCB1, SLC6A8, ST3GAL3, ERICD
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Mental Retardation, Autosomal Recessive 41
Omim
As adults, they lived in a special home for the intellectually disabled; they had basic self-care and communication skills. Inheritance The transmission pattern in the family with MRT41 reported by Baple et al. (2014) was consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. ... All 4 families were determined to be distantly related, consistent with 2 founder mutations in this community. Transfection of the mutations into COS-7 cells showed that the mutant proteins did not localize like wildtype proteins to F-actin-rich lamellipodia, but rather accumulated at irregular perinuclear sites, suggesting a loss of normal activity. ... INHERITANCE - Autosomal recessive HEAD & NECK Head - Macrocephaly (+3-5 SD) Face - Frontal bossing - Prominent chin - Retrognathia Eyes - Hooded eyelids - Downslanting palpebral fissures Nose - Broad nasal tip SKELETAL Skull - Scaphocephaly Hands - Fifth finger clinodactyly MUSCLE, SOFT TISSUES - Hypotonia NEUROLOGIC Central Nervous System - Delayed psychomotor development - Mental retardation, mild to severe - Speech deficits - Seizures (in some patients) Behavioral Psychiatric Manifestations - Anxiety - Repetitive speech - Stereotyped behaviors MISCELLANEOUS - Onset at birth - Reported in the Ohio Amish Anabaptist community - Other populations may be affected MOLECULAR BASIS - Caused by mutation in the kaptin gene (KPTN, 615620.0001 ) ▲ Close
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Autism, Susceptibility To, 12
Omim
It is characterized by a triad of limited or absent verbal communication, a lack of reciprocal social interaction or responsiveness, and restricted, stereotypic, and ritualized patterns of interests and behavior (Bailey et al., 1996; Risch et al., 1999). ... Developmental regression was defined as loss of language skills and/or loss of other socially communicative skills, such as eye contact or gestures, between the ages of 18 and 24 months.
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Bronchogenic Cyst
Wikipedia
Chest x-rays show a smooth density just in front of the trachea or main stem bronchi at the carinal level. When the cyst communicates with the tracheobronchial tree, the air-fluid level may be seen within the cyst. ... These cysts are located close to the trachea or main stem bronchi . Rarely there is communication of the cyst with the tracheobronchial tree.
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Mosquito-Borne Disease
Wikipedia
Depending on the mosquito vector, and the affected community, a variety of prevention methods may be deployed at one time. ... Education and community awareness campaigns are necessary for prevention to be effective. Communities are educated on how the disease is spread, how they can protect themselves from infection and the symptoms of infection. [30] Community health education programs can identify and address the social/economic and cultural issues that can hinder preventative measures. Community outreach and education programs can identify which preventative measures a community is most likely to employ. Leading to a targeted prevention method that has a higher chance of success in that particular community. Community outreach and education includes engaging community health workers and local healthcare providers, local schools and community organizations to educate the public on mosquito vector control and disease prevention. [33] Treatments [ edit ] Yellow fever [ edit ] Numerous drugs have been used to treat yellow fever disease with minimal satisfaction to date.
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Pneumonia
Wikipedia
Mixed infections with both viruses and bacteria may occur in roughly 45% of infections in children and in 15% of infections in adults. [12] A causative agent may not be isolated in about half of cases despite careful testing. [20] In an active population-based surveillance for community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization in five hospitals in Chicago and Nashville from January 2010 through June 2012, 2259 patients were identified who had radiographic evidence of pneumonia and specimens that could be tested for the responsible pathogen. [28] Most patients (62%) had no detectable pathogens in their sample, and unexpectedly, respiratory viruses were detected more frequently than bacteria. [28] Specifically, 23% had one or more viruses, 11% had one or more bacteria, 3% had both bacterial and viral pathogens, and 1% had a fungal or mycobacterial infection. ... However, for those with TLR6 variants, the risk of getting Legionnaires' disease is increased. [34] Bacteria Main article: Bacterial pneumonia Cavitating pneumonia due to MRSA as seen on a CT scan Bacteria are the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), with Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in nearly 50% of cases. [35] [36] Other commonly isolated bacteria include Haemophilus influenzae in 20%, Chlamydophila pneumoniae in 13%, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 3% of cases; [35] Staphylococcus aureus ; Moraxella catarrhalis ; and Legionella pneumophila . [20] A number of drug-resistant versions of the above infections are becoming more common, including drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). [23] The spreading of organisms is facilitated by certain risk factors. [20] Alcoholism is associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae , anaerobic organisms , and Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; smoking facilitates the effects of Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , Moraxella catarrhalis , and Legionella pneumophila . ... Community Main article: Community-acquired pneumonia Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is acquired in the community, [75] [76] outside of health care facilities. ... Antibiotic use is also associated with side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, taste distortion, or headaches. [111] In the UK, treatment before culture results with amoxicillin is recommended as the first line for community-acquired pneumonia , with doxycycline or clarithromycin as alternatives. [61] In North America , amoxicillin, doxycycline, and in some areas a macrolides (such as azithromycin or erythromycin ) is the first-line outpatient treatment in adults. [36] [112] [70] In children with mild or moderate symptoms, amoxicillin taken by mouth is the first line. [101] [113] [114] The use of fluoroquinolones in uncomplicated cases is discouraged due to concerns about side-effects and generating resistance in light of there being no greater benefit. [36] [115] For those who require hospitalization and caught their pneumonia in the community the use of a β-lactam such as cephazolin plus macrolide such as azithromycin is recommended. [116] [70] A fluoroquinolone may replace azithromycin but is less preferred. [70] Antibiotics by mouth and by injection appear to be similarly effective in children with severe pneumonia. [117] The duration of treatment has traditionally been seven to ten days, but increasing evidence suggests that shorter courses (3–5 days) may be effective for certain types of pneumonia and may reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance. [118] [119] [120] [121] For pneumonia that is associated with a ventilator caused by non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NF-GNB), a shorter course of antibiotics increases the risk that the pneumonia will return. [120] Recommendations for hospital-acquired pneumonia include third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins , carbapenems , fluoroquinolones , aminoglycosides , and vancomycin . [76] These antibiotics are often given intravenously and used in combination. [76] In those treated in hospital, more than 90% improve with the initial antibiotics. [27] For people with ventilator-acquired pneumonia, the choice of antibiotic therapy will depend on the person's risk of being infected with a strain of bacteria that is multi-drug resistant . [32] Once clinically stable, intravenous antibiotics should be switched to oral antibiotics. [34] For those with Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Legionella infections, prolonged antibiotics may be beneficial. [34] The addition of corticosteroids to standard antibiotic treatment appears to improve outcomes, reducing death and morbidity for adults with severe community acquired pneumonia, and reducing death for adults and children with non-severe community acquired pneumonia. [122] [123] A 2017 review therefore recommended them in adults with severe community acquired pneumonia. [122] A 2019 guideline however recommended against there general use, unless refractory shock was present. [70] Side effects associated with the use of corticosteroids include high blood sugar. [122] There is some evidence that adding corticosteroids to the standard PCP pneumonia treatment may be beneficial for people who are infected with HIV. [42] The use of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) along with antibiotics does not appear to reduce mortality and routine use for treating pneumonia is not supported by evidence. [124] Viral Neuraminidase inhibitors may be used to treat viral pneumonia caused by influenza viruses ( influenza A and influenza B ). [12] No specific antiviral medications are recommended for other types of community acquired viral pneumonias including SARS coronavirus , adenovirus , hantavirus , and parainfluenza virus. [12] Influenza A may be treated with rimantadine or amantadine , while influenza A or B may be treated with oseltamivir , zanamivir or peramivir . [12] These are of most benefit if they are started within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms. [12] Many strains of H5N1 influenza A, also known as avian influenza or "bird flu", have shown resistance to rimantadine and amantadine. [12] The use of antibiotics in viral pneumonia is recommended by some experts, as it is impossible to rule out a complicating bacterial infection. [12] The British Thoracic Society recommends that antibiotics be withheld in those with mild disease. [12] The use of corticosteroids is controversial. [12] Aspiration In general, aspiration pneumonitis is treated conservatively with antibiotics indicated only for aspiration pneumonia . [125] The choice of antibiotic will depend on several factors, including the suspected causative organism and whether pneumonia was acquired in the community or developed in a hospital setting. ... Vaccination of infants against Haemophilus influenzae type B began in 1988 and led to a dramatic decline in cases shortly thereafter. [149] Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults began in 1977, and in children in 2000, resulting in a similar decline. [150] Society and culture See also: List of notable pneumonia cases Awareness Due to the relatively low awareness of the disease, 12 November was declared as the annual World Pneumonia Day , a day for concerned citizens and policy makers to take action against the disease, in 2009. [151] [152] Costs The global economic cost of community-acquired pneumonia has been estimated at $17 billion annually. [23] Other estimates are considerably higher.IL1B, CXCL1, CCL2, CCL11, IKBKB, IL18, CCL17, ITGB2, TNF, TLR4, IL13, IL17A, IL6, IFNG, MYD88, IL33, TGFB1, HMOX1, IL4, CXCL5, SIRT1, CSF2, PARP1, CCL24, CXCR2, AHR, TNFRSF1A, CASP1, CD40LG, IL6ST, MYLK, AGT, SPP1, TNFRSF1B, EGR1, PF4, CCL8, CXCR3, CCL19, CCR2, POMC, IL1R2, CCR1, IL2RB, IL1R1, IL5RA, ABCF1, CCL4, CCL7, CCR6, CX3CL1, CCL20, CCR9, CXCL9, IL1A, ICAM1, CXCL2, IL1RN, MUC2, ADRB2, CFTR, CCL22, C3, ITGA4, SLC11A2, REG3A, ELANE, FER, FOXP3, SFTPC, NFKB1, SFTPA2, ICOS, CR2, PRKCD, CARD11, BTK, JAK3, ADA, RAG1, NFKB2, DNAL1, TTC25, DOCK8, SLC35A1, RAG2, IRF8, NPC2, HMGB1, IFNGR1, DNAH11, OFD1, ZAP70, WAS, SCGB1A1, TTR, IL2RG, TNFSF12, CFAP300, RSPH3, IL5, DNAAF4, PIH1D3, DNAAF1, CCDC151, TNFRSF13C, LRRC56, NLRP3, GAA, GABPA, GAS8, GFI1, CCDC114, DRC1, CCNO, TCIRG1, SLC9A6, UNC119, RSPH1, CCDC65, TNFRSF13B, CXCL8, LRRC6, DNAAF2, NPHS1, RYR1, CFAP298, NSMCE3, SERPINE1, RPGR, RMRP, SLC35C1, ARMC4, NFE2L2, CCDC40, NME8, RNF125, ZMYND10, DNAAF5, HYDIN, RANBP2, PTPRC, PNP, IL21R, TERT, SMARCD2, NIPBL, IL7R, DNAH1, IL10, STAT3, SRP54, SPAG1, DNAI1, STK36, SELENON, SGCG, LTBP3, DNAI2, SFTPD, DCLRE1C, MBL2, MPO, OSTM1, CHD7, LIG4, ZBTB24, DNMT3B, COPD, ACE, CD55, CCDC39, MCIDAS, RSPH4A, DNAAF3, DNAJB13, CD19, ACTA1, ACP5, CRP, CCDC103, MUC5B, ACADVL, CFB, GAS2L2, RSPH9, LRBA, CD81, CASP8, MS4A1, DNAH5, IL22, PPARG, ALB, MAPK14, ROS1, PARP9, GRAP2, POLDIP2, CRK, HIF1A, AIMP2, MAPK1, SLC27A5, DHFR, RNF19A, TLR2, CEL, AHSA1, PTGS2, PIK3CD, DHPS, DECR1, CXCL10, SFTPB, F2R, VEGFA, MIP, IL9, MYDGF, PIK3CG, IFNA13, COX2, SARS2, ALOX5, ANGPT1, IFNA1, BTBD8, CYBB, MMP9, AMBP, NM, SARS1, CD274, TREM1, CAV1, MIR155, BMP1, IL25, TIMP1, CCL5, IL17D, IFNB1, EGFR, PTGDS, ACE2, PRCP, IL2, SOCS3, MMP12, PGPEP1, PRMT1, MUC1, CD44, FOS, PDE4A, IL27, MTCO2P12, BRD4, TP53, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, ARG1, SIGIRR, LTB4R, SEMA7A, FCGR2A, CCR4, HPGDS, PTAFR, FOSB, NMU, NOD2, WDR26, MARCHF1, FOXM1, AGER, INSRR, BCL2, TRPM8, ITGAX, OSM, RAC1, NR1I2, JUN, JUNB, JUND, CLEC7A, S100A9, CD86, FPR1, IL37, VCAM1, ALOX15, ADAM8, TLR3, PLA2G1B, F2RL1, SMUG1, TSLP, CCN2, TFPI, RIPK3, ARIH1, F3, TAC1, CAMP, IL7, APOE, NOS2, PLG, HAMP, AKT1, MRC1, RGS2, CLEC1B, CD5L, PLAU, TSPO, CASP3, CD14, MAPK3, MIR223, HDAC6, IL23A, CENPJ, GDF15, RUNX1, PI3, CLOCK, HSPA14, ACSS2, PTPN11, PDCD1, TLR9, PROC, PLD2, CAT, MAPK8, SGPL1, RPS19, VIP, ANGPT2, THBS1, NKX2-1, TLR5, TM7SF2, TNFAIP6, ALOX12, NR2C2, ICOSLG, NBEAL2, TXN, KLHL2, PTGDR2, IRAK3, VTN, MIR511, TRPA1, HSPB3, VWF, CXCL13, CXCR4, ARHGEF5, AOC3, MASP2, ADORA2B, TNFRSF25, SORBS1, TIMELESS, PER2, LINC02605, PLA2G15, MAP3K7, ADAM17, PROCR, NAMPT, S100A12, PLXNC1, BDNF, MIR146B, CCL3, BCHE, SFTPA1, HACD1, AVP, ALDH7A1, ABCA3, STS, SDC1, SDC4, CXCL12, SELL, IL17B, AR, LPAR2, AQP5, IL17C, SLC12A2, UBAC1, CAP1, AD14, DEFB4B, HAVCR1, APOA1, PAEP, SERPINB6, P4HB, CHI3L1, CTNNB1, HP, CTAA1, HSPA1A, HSPA1B, HSPA4, HSPB1, HSPB2, HSPD1, ID2, CD276, CSF1, CCN1, CREBBP, IL2RA, CCR8, ZC3H12A, IL15, IL16, SLC52A2, MIR182, KNG1, LCN2, LEP, LGALS3, CTSG, ACCS, HAVCR2, IL22RA2, MLKL, ELN, MARK2, EMP1, PWAR1, HT, FABP4, FCGR1A, FCGR3A, DNASE1, SCGB3A2, FOXO3, HSH2D, FLT3LG, FPR2, UCN3, DEFB4A, GCLC, GPT, GPX1, GRN, NR3C1, LAMA1, GZMB, LNPEP, MALAT1, CYTB, CRLF2, NOTCH1, MMP13, NFATC2, MEFV, ACKR3, MCL1, MMP3, NOS3, MIR21, CD68, ENTPD1, NFKBIA, MUC5AC, MMP8, WWP2, HTRA3, IRAIN, IL17F, MIR20A, CLEC6A, LILRB4, BUD23, FSTL1, FBXO15, LCLAT1, TIRAP, IMMT, MORF4L1, JTB, LARP1BP2, RNU6-392P, NEAT1, NLRP12, CD248, ABHD6, MCEE, TUG1, SEMA6A, PES1, DUOXA1, PIGW, LOC102723996, CLEC9A, SLC52A1, SULF1, MPRIP, PSIP1, CEMIP, PHLPP2, HAGLROS, TPX2, CILK1, ESAM, OR10A4, POLG2, CYSLTR1, MTSS2, MIR200B, SEMA4A, TRAF3IP2, H3P42, PPM1K, FST, CBLL2, SPESP1, NOD1, NLRP6, KLF2, CCL26, RTN3, GSDMB, SPHK2, TICAM1, PGAM5, LRPPRC, ABCB6, LTB4R2, RBM8A, MRC2, PIKFYVE, TLK1, TRIM65, AREL1, PTPRVP, ATG7, GIPC1, TWIST2, RETNLB, SIX2, CXCR6, PGLYRP4, CELF2, POSTN, PDPN, DCD, IVNS1ABP, ARID3B, RNF19B, PRDX4, MIR200C, IL17RE, USE1, IL31RA, SIVA1, TRIM69, PBK, RLFP1, PIWIL4, PLEKHA7, BATF2, CFAP97, SPZ1, UBE2Z, IL20, TBX21, IL19, WNK4, COLEC11, CARD10, MIR17, MIR455, MMP28, MIR15A, MUL1, TNFAIP8L2, MIR636, TBK1, TUT7, PYCARD, MAP3K19, MIR150, DROSHA, CRPPA, C20orf181, WNT4, TRPV4, VSIR, MPPE1, ASCC2, MBL3P, RTEL1, MIR193A, P2RY12, MIR17HG, MIR326, NELFCD, ISYNA1, DCDC2, TRPV2, MIR370, PLF, TLR8, MIR197, BPIFA1, WG, HDAC9, GP6, AIDA, IFIH1, FXYD5, PINK1, IL20RA, CDK15, MIR146A, MIR199A1, MIR141, MIR127, MOXD1, MIR1247, IBTK, CRLS1, FEV, LINC01672, MIR27A, OCLN, OSBP2, NLRC4, SNHG16, MIR24-1, LY96, MICA, MIR23A, H3P44, MIR199A2, PADI4, JAM3, SEC14L2, EPG5, MIR34B, ITCH, SLC2A10, PTPN22, FGF21, IL31, CCDC22, STK39, MIR125A, MIR122, MIR100, MYO18A, RTL1, VIM2P, SCAF1, SIGLEC8, NAAA, EGLN1, CHIA, DIP, SND1, MIR29C, DNAJC5, SMOX, LATS2, SLC17A5, MIR1246, IL36G, PRSS55, ABCA1, SART3, GDF2, FOXD1, FLT3, FXN, MTOR, FUT2, ACKR1, GAS6, GATA3, GHRHR, FKBP4, GLA, GCLM, GOT2, GPR15, GSR, GSTM1, GSTP1, GSTT1, FOXF1, FGG, GZMA, F2, EPHX2, EPO, ERBB2, ERG, ESAT, ESR1, ESR2, ETS2, F8, FGF7, FABP5, FCAR, MS4A2, FCGR2B, FCGR3B, FCN2, FDPS, FES, GTF2H4, HCCS, PPP6R2, LCT, ITGA5, ITGAE, ITGAV, ITGB4, JAK1, KRT19, LAIR1, LAMC2, LGALS9, IRF5, LIF, LPA, LSP1, SH2D1A, NBR1, MAS1, MCAM, CD46, ISG20, IRF4, SERPIND1, NR4A1, CFH, CFHR1, HGF, HLA-C, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DQA2, HLA-DRB1, HLA-E, HPR, IDO1, HPX, HRG, HSD11B1, CFI, IFNAR1, IGF1, IL10RB, IL11, SERPINB1, EGF, EDNRA, BRCA1, BAAT, BAG1, BAX, BCL6, BDKRB1, CXCR5, BMP4, BMP6, BRCA2, ATM, BST1, SERPING1, C3AR1, C4BPB, C5AR1, CALCA, CD2, CD28, ATP4A, ATF3, EDN1, ANK1, AOC1, ADM, ADORA2A, ADORA3, GRK2, AGRP, AKT2, AKR1B1, ANXA2, ASAH1, ANXA5, AOAH, AOC2, APRT, FAS, FASLG, AQP1, AQP4, CD80, TNFRSF8, CD40, CYP2B6, CTLA4, CTSK, CTSS, CUX1, CYLD, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A13, CYP2E1, CDC42, DDT, CFD, DPP4, DPT, HBEGF, ECE1, S1PR1, LPAR1, CST3, VCAN, CSF3, CPS1, CDKN2A, CEACAM5, CHRM3, CHRNA4, CHUK, CIRBP, CLCA1, CCR3, CCR7, CMKLR1, CNC2, CNR2, COL4A5, MAP3K8, COX8A, CP, CLDN7, MECP2, MEIS1, MFAP1, VASP, TRAF1, TRAF5, TRPM2, TTF1, TNFSF4, TYMS, UGCG, UROD, VCP, TNNI3, VDR, VHL, VIM, TRPV1, WNT5A, ZFP36, ST8SIA4, FOSL1, CRISP2, TNFAIP3, SLPI, TAGLN, SMPD2, FSCN1, SOD2, TRIM21, SSRP1, ST2, STAT1, SYK, TBXA2R, TIMP3, ZEB1, TRBV20OR9-2, PPP1R11, TEK, TFRC, TGFA, THBS2, KLF10, MIA, LOH19CR1, PLA2G6, CD83, CLDN1, SMC3, EXO1, SCAF11, ARHGEF2, XPR1, MSC, S1PR2, KLF4, FOXN1, SLIT2, ADIPOQ, KCNK6, ABCG2, AIM2, GGPS1, IL27RA, PTGES, CLDN2, GPRC5A, ARTN, MAP3K14, ST11, PIK3R3, IKBKG, PIAS1, SOCS1, PDE5A, BECN1, RNGTT, RIPK1, TNFSF14, TNFSF10, TNFRSF6B, TNFRSF11A, SOCS2, SPHK1, BTRC, USP13, SMPD1, SLC8A1, MIF, PLA2G4A, PDE7A, PDR, PECAM1, CFP, PGF, PHB, SERPINA1, PLA2G2A, PLA2G5, PCP4, PLAT, PLCL1, PLD1, POR, CTSA, PTPA, PREP, PRKACG, CDK16, PRKN, SLC5A1, NCF4, NR3C2, MMP2, CD200, MPP1, MSMB, COX1, MYH11, NCF2, NEO1, PEBP1, NFATC3, NINJ1, NPR1, NTF3, NTS, OAS3, P2RY1, P2RY6, PRKAR1A, PRKCA, PRSS2, CCL21, SAA2, SAA3P, SAFB, SAT1, ATXN7, SCT, CCL13, CCL18, SDC2, PSMD12, SELP, SELPLG, SETMAR, SFRP5, SGK1, SHBG, SHH, PMEL, SAA1, S100B, S100A1, RRBP1, PTGER3, PTGER4, PTGS1, PTX3, RAC2, MOK, RAP1B, RARA, RARB, PLAAT4, RASA1, REN, RENBP, RIT1, RNASE2, RNASE3, RORA, H3P10
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Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy With Subcortical Cysts
Gene_reviews
Approximately 75% of individuals with classic MLC experience at least one seizure before age 20 years [Dubey et al 2018; EMC Hamilton, personal communication]. Seizure onset is typically early, within a few years after birth [EMC Hamilton, personal communication]. ... In 40%-50% of affected children, the head circumference normalizes [EMC Hamilton, personal communication]. Motor development. Apart from progressive macrocephaly, the first clinical sign is usually delay in walking. ... Cognitive function is normal in approximately 75% of individuals; 25% have mild intellectual disability [EMC Hamilton, personal communication]. Autism is observed in 25% of individuals. ... Consequently, the disease is rarer in communities with a low rate of consanguinity and higher in communities with a high rate of consanguinity (e.g., see Topçu et al [1998]). ... Almost all East Indian individuals with MLC1 belong to the Agrawal community; and all individuals within this community are biallelic for the same pathogenic variant (c.135dupC), providing evidence for a founder effect [Leegwater et al 2002, Singhal et al 2003, Gorospe et al 2004].
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Speech Sound Disorder
Wikipedia
Phonemic disorders are often treated using minimal pairs (two words that differ by only one sound) to draw the child's attention to the difference and its effect on communication. Some children with phonemic disorders may seem to be able to hear phoneme distinctions in the speech of others but not their own. ... A 4-year-old child's speech should be intelligible overall, and a 7-year-old should be able to clearly produce most words consistent with community norms for their age. Misarticulation of certain difficult sounds ([ l ], [ ɹ ], [ s ], [ z ], [ θ ], [ ð ], [ t͡ʃ ], [ d͡ʒ ], and [ ʒ ]) may be normal up to 8 years. ... Persistent difficulty with speech sound production that interferes with speech intelligibility or prevents verbal communication of messages. B. The disturbance causes limitations in effective communication that interfere with social participation, academic achievement, or occupational performance, individually or in any combination. ... OCLC 77708677 . Justice, Laura M. (2006). Communication sciences and disorders : an introduction . ... GerstenWeitz Publishers ISBN 9780963542649 External links [ edit ] Children's Speech Sound Disorders v t e Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders Conditions Speech, language , and communication Expressive language disorder Infantile speech Landau–Kleffner syndrome Language disorder Lisp Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder Specific language impairment Speech and language impairment Speech disorder Speech error Speech sound disorder Stuttering Tip of the tongue Learning disability Dyslexia Dyscalculia Dysgraphia Disorder of written expression Motor Developmental coordination disorder Developmental verbal dyspraxia Sensory Auditory processing disorder Sensory processing disorder Related topics Dyslexia research Irlen filters Learning Ally Learning problems in childhood cancer Literacy Management of dyslexia Multisensory integration Neuropsychology Reading acquisition Spelling Writing system Lists Dyslexia in fiction Languages by Writing System People with dyslexia
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Deafness And Myopia
Omim
Clinical Features In a survey of mental retardation in an inbred Amish community, Eldridge et al. (1968) observed 4 of 7 sibs in a family (2 males, 2 females) who also had deafness and myopia. ... Morlet et al. (2014) provided a longitudinal description of the auditory phenotype in 9 patients from an Old Order Amish community with deafness and myopia who were homozygous for the Q414X mutation in the SLITRK6 gene (609681.0001). ... Using DNA samples from 3 affected sibs from an Old Order Amish community, Morlet et al. (2014) mapped a locus for deafness and myopia to chromosome 13q31 between SNP markers rs722023 and rs958373. ... In affected individuals from an Old Order Amish community in Pennsylvania with deafness and myopia mapping to chromosome 13q31, Morlet et al. (2014) performed Sanger sequencing of the candidate gene SLITRK6 and identified homozygosity for the Q414X mutation.
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Tay-Sachs Disease
Mayo_clinic
Risk factors Because the gene change that causes Tay-Sachs disease is found more often in certain populations, risk factors for Tay-Sachs disease include having ancestors from: Eastern and Central European Jewish communities (Ashkenazi Jews) Certain French Canadian communities in Quebec Cajun community of Louisiana Old Order Amish community in Pennsylvania A blood test can be used to identify carriers of the HEXA gene change that causes Tay-Sachs disease.
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Ronnie And Donnie Galyon
Wikipedia
Later life [ edit ] In 1991, after three decades in entertainment, the pair retired [2] and moved into their first independent home in Dayton, Ohio , in a house purchased with sideshow earnings. They were active in the community and lived a largely normal life by means of a custom double wheelchair. ... Their younger brother Jim and his wife Mary, who lived in the same city, were unable to bring the twins into their home as it was not handicap accessible , until an outpouring of donations and volunteers from the local community assisted in building a special addition to the home. [7] On December 22, 2010, TLC premiered "The World's Oldest Conjoined Twins Move Home", which documented the building process as well as the twins' recovery and their return to the community. [8] Death [ edit ] The twins died of congestive heart failure in hospice surrounded by their family in their native Dayton, Ohio , on July 4, 2020. [9] [10] References [ edit ] ^ a b Franks, Sarah (4 July 2020).
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Monosomy 22q13.3
Orphanet
Affected individuals benefit from early intervention programs, intense occupational and communication therapies, adaptive exercise and sport programs, and other therapies to strengthen their muscles and increase their communication skills.