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Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Wikipedia
PanNETs are a type of neuroendocrine tumor , representing about one third of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). Many PanNETs are benign , while some are malignant . ... Contents 1 Types 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Diagnosis 4 Staging 5 Treatment 6 Genetics 7 References 8 External links Types [ edit ] The majority of PanNETs are benign , while some are malignant . ... However, morphological imaging alone is not sufficient for a definite diagnosis [14] [16] On biopsy , immunohistochemistry is generally positive for chromogranin and synaptophysin . [17] Genetic testing thereof typically shows altered MEN1 and DAXX / ATRX . [17] Staging [ edit ] The 2010 WHO classification of tumors of the digestive system grades all the neuroendocrine tumors into three categories, based on their degree of cellular differentiation (from well-differentiated "NET G1" through to poorly-differentiated "NET G3"). ... However, there are some specific differences, which are discussed here. [8] In functioning PanNETs, octreotide is usually recommended prior to biopsy [8] : 21 or surgery [8] : 45 but is generally avoided in insulinomas to avoid profound hypoglycemia . [8] : 69 PanNETs in Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 are often multiple, and thus require different treatment and surveillance strategies. [8] Some PanNETs are more responsive to chemotherapy than are gastroenteric carcinoid tumors. ... The ASCO Post. May 15, 2011, Volume 2, Issue 8 "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 2013-01-17 .MEN1, ATRX, DAXX, ELK3, TP53, EPHB1, SLC6A2, CEACAM5, CEACAM7, UQCRFS1, DHDDS, CHPT1, RALBP1, CIB1, SEMA4D, RIPK1, CXCR4, VEGFA, TTR, GNA12, TSC2, TFE3, CDKN1B, PSG2, POMC, MYCN, CEACAM3, GRN, MUC16
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Malaria
Wikipedia
The mosquitoes remain on the wall until they fall down dead on the floor. Insecticide treated nets [ edit ] A mosquito net in use. Mosquito nets help keep mosquitoes away from people and reduce infection rates and transmission of malaria. Nets are not a perfect barrier and are often treated with an insecticide designed to kill the mosquito before it has time to find a way past the net. Insecticide-treated nets are estimated to be twice as effective as untreated nets and offer greater than 70% protection compared with no net. [73] Between 2000 and 2008, the use of ITNs saved the lives of an estimated 250,000 infants in Sub-Saharan Africa. [74] About 13% of households in Sub-Saharan countries owned ITNs in 2007 [75] and 31% of African households were estimated to own at least one ITN in 2008. ... That number increased to 20.3 million (18.5%) African children using ITNs in 2007, leaving 89.6 million children unprotected [76] and to 68% African children using mosquito nets in 2015. [77] Most nets are impregnated with pyrethroids , a class of insecticides with low toxicity . ... According to the WHO and UNICEF, deaths attributable to malaria in 2015 were reduced by 60% [77] from a 2000 estimate of 985,000, largely due to the widespread use of insecticide-treated nets and artemisinin-based combination therapies. [74] In 2012, there were 207 million cases of malaria.ICAM1, FCGR2B, HBB, CD36, NOS2, FCGR2A, TNF, CR1, G6PD, CRP, HP, ACKR1, GYPA, SLC4A1, GYPB, NCR3, TIRAP, GYPC, LTBR, CISH, IFNG, HMOX1, PKLR, ABO, ANK1, AQP4, ATP2B4, HBG2, CYTB, ENOSF1, MSMB, MST1, ZNF536, LINC00944, SMARCB1, DHODH, PDR, TREML4, ZNF804A, OR51F1, OR51B5, CDH13, PROCR, SPATA3, OR51N1P, DHFR, DDT, RECQL4, FAM155A, IGHG3, IL4, MMP26, IL6, IL10, TLR9, HLA-DRB1, CSMD1, HBE1, DNAJC5, TMPRSS13, KLHL3, HDGFL2, TLR4, ATAD1, LMLN, TENM3-AS1, MECP2, POMGNT2, MBL2, TFRC, TGFB1, MIF, HLA-B, HAMP, DHPS, SERPINA3, TLR2, IL1B, FOXP3, FHL5, ACOT7, POTEKP, POTEM, GEM, KIR3DL1, RN7SL263P, ACTG2, ACTG1, ACTB, ACTBL2, HBA2, CYP2B6, HSPA4, LSAMP, TRAP, FCGR3B, HSP90AA1, IL1A, LAMP3, CD81, OR10A4, CCL5, ABCB1, FAS, CD40LG, TEP1, CXCL8, IARS1, HLA-G, CTLA4, HBA1, INSRR, ANGPT2, TYMS, CFH, GSTP1, IFNAR1, AGT, GYPE, FCGR3A, TXN, IL13, HSPB3, APOE, MTCO2P12, ISYNA1, FCGR2C, FYB1, VDR, HLA-A, GSTM1, GSR, ATR, MBL3P, LAIR1, PNP, IL12B, MNAT1, IL1RN, CYP2D6, IGF1, CD55, ACHE, DECR1, COX2, IL3, CCL2, MAPK1, NLRP3, FBXW7, HAVCR2, THBD, VPS51, EMP1, ITGA2B, PTGS2, ANC, IL10RA, XPO1, VNN1, PLEK, UMPS, IL2, IL2RA, TPPP, VWF, ISG20, ADAMTS13, IRF1, IL7R, AIMP2, IL12RB1, CLEC11A, METAP2, CDK5R1, ING1, IL18R1, PGD, HAP1, H6PD, PRDX5, GRAP2, CXCL9, MMP9, MPO, TAP1, CCL4L2, COX1, EBI3, ITGAX, COX3, TLR6, CXCL11, MTHFR, NFKB2, NFYA, NOS1, TBC1D9, ORC1, MCF2, AKAP13, RNF19A, TLR7, NT5C3A, IRAK4, KIR2DS1, CCL4, KIR3DL2, ICOS, COQ2, PSIP1, PECAM1, TPT1, RNASE3, ARTN, TP53, POLDIP2, PDCD1, TLR1, AHSA1, UBL4A, AQP3, AGRP, H3C9P, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, GTF2H4, CRK, RNA18SN5, ANXA2, H3P37, CASP1, NANP, CCL4L1, MAPK14, CXCR3, GNAS, GLO1, FCN2, SMIM10L2B, FKBP4, CD27, FOXO3, RBM45, HM13, IL33, HK1, CCR5, IFNA13, IFNA1, H3P42, DNAJB1, CHIT1, CYP3A4, SMIM10L2A, EGF, CHI3L1, CAT, EPHA2, NSFL1C, ADRB2, MYMX, COX8A, GAPDH, ABCB6, NR1I3, TREML1, PUM3, FMN1, TICAM2, TRIM13, BMS1, FZD4, RABEPK, LANCL1, FUT9, TNFSF13B, DCTN6, CXCR6, ARL6IP5, MRGPRX1, ZNRD2, ASPM, KAT5, RAB7B, CIB1, SEMA3C, ARMH1, STING1, CFDP1, CPQ, MYLK4, DLC1, AKR1A1, PIEZO1, TMPRSS11D, HDAC9, CARTPT, DEFB4B, TIMELESS, SPHK1, TMED7-TICAM2, PSC, VNN2, PROM1, UPK3B, H3P23, H3P28, TNFRSF11A, TNFRSF18, TP63, PDXK, CNTNAP1, DHX16, STK24, H3P19, LOH19CR1, WASHC1, WASH6P, LPAR2, MIR146A, APOBEC3B, SPAG6, CLOCK, ATG5, MIR142, AIM2, ABCG2, PCSK9, MIR155, NCF1, PPIG, MIR29A, VN1R17P, GPR166P, CD163, MIR451A, CXADRP1, ARHGEF2, CERS1, SPINK5, MASP2, GEMIN4, ACD, TLR8, MPPE1, MCPH1, HSPA14, RNF34, TMED7, ARMC9, PPP1R2C, IL22, TRAF3IP2, A1CF, PDCD1LG2, SLC44A4, SGSM3, MCAT, HPGDS, B3GAT1, ROPN1L, PHGDH, RAB14, IL23A, ABCG4, IFIH1, CFC1, BTNL2, MARCHF1, POLE4, CMC2, TMED9, ACKR3, PDXP, RHOF, AICDA, POLD4, RBM25, TOLLIP, TREM1, LGR6, ADA2, BACH2, ERAP1, GOLPH3, PARS2, KRT88P, TRIM5, IL17RE, CHP1, GPR151, NRSN1, EIF5AL1, CD160, APCDD1, ERFE, OXER1, DNAJB1P1, DSTN, GPRC6A, CCNI, ADIRF, EBNA1BP2, TMED2, EHD1, RNPS1, HPSE, SEPTIN9, SCLT1, NT5C2, SLC25A21, LEO1, NLRP12, TIMD4, CDCA5, DBA2, CARD16, PTPMT1, CGAS, RAB39B, TADA1, MRGPRX3, MRGPRX4, PGLS, PANX1, SPO11, LPAR3, CBX5, POFUT2, SPPL3, NBEAL2, LUC7L, PTPRC, FGF23, EIF5, FLT3LG, FLT1, FECH, FBN2, FBN1, FANCD2, F3, EPO, ENO2, ADGRE1, ELK4, ELF4, EIF5A, EIF4G2, CXADR, EGR3, EDNRA, EDN1, S1PR3, RCAN1, ATN1, DNMT1, DEFB4A, DHX9, ACE, DBP, CYP1A2, CYC1, GABPA, GCHFR, GDF1, GPR42, IL4R, IL1R1, IGFBP1, IFNGR1, IFNB1, IFNA2, IFI27, IDE, HTN3, HSPA9, HSD11B1, HRES1, HPRT1, HPR, HPGD, HMGB1, HLA-DOA, UBE2K, HGF, SERPIND1, HBG1, GTF3A, GSTT1, GSN, GPX1, GPT, GRK5, CYBB, CTSL, IL9, ANXA1, C3, BSG, BRS3, BRCA2, PRDM1, BCL2, BAX, ASPA, ASIP, ARR3, NUDT2, ANXA7, ANXA4, ANPEP, CSH2, AMBP, ALOX5, ALB, AHR, AFP, ADSL, ADRA2B, ADRA1A, ADORA2A, ADH1B, ADA, ACP1, ACACA, CAST, CASR, CD1B, CD1C, CSH1, CSF1R, CSF1, CS, CRYZ, CREM, CR2, CLDN4, CPB1, CNTF, CCR4, CLU, ERCC8, CTSC, CEL, CDC25C, CD69, CD68, CD40, ENTPD1, CD34, CD28, CD19, CD14, CD9, CD1E, CD1D, IL5, IL12A, FOSL1, SELE, SPTA1, SPP1, SPINK1, SPG7, SOD3, SOD1, SMN1, SLC16A1, SLC11A1, SLC6A7, SLC2A1, SGCG, SET, SEA, ABCA1, SDC1, CXCL5, CCL22, CCL18, CCL3L1, CCL3, CCL1, SAFB, SORT1, RPS19, RBP2, RANBP2, PEX19, SSR2, SSTR4, DENND2B, STAT6, DDX39B, PRRC2A, PFBI, RAB7A, CXCR4, MOGS, ZBTB16, TRPV1, VCP, USP1, TYRP1, TTR, TTPA, TRPC1, TRP-AGG2-5, TPO, TPH1, TNFRSF1B, TLR3, TGFB2, TRBV20OR9-2, TCN2, HNF1A, TADA2A, ADAM17, TAC1, STK3, PTPRH, PTHLH, IL15, KIR3DS1, MAL, MAF, LTB, LTA, LMAN1, LEPR, LDLR, LCN2, LBR, RPSA, LAG3, KRT13, KNG1, KIR2DS5, PSMD9, KIR2DL3, KIR2DL2, KDR, KCNG1, KARS1, ITPA, ITGB2, ITGAM, ITGAL, CXCL10, IDO1, ILF3, IL18, MAP2, MAP6, MEFV, MVD, PSMD7, PSMD2, PSMB9, PSEN1, PSAP, PRSS1, PROC, MAP2K1, PRKG1, PRKAR1A, PPP1R1A, PPARG, SEPTIN4, PLP1, PGM1, PGAM1, P2RX7, SLC22A18, TNFRSF11B, OMD, ODC1, NOS3, NQO2, NFE2L2, NEK2, MYD88, MYC, H3P5
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Esophageal Food Bolus Obstruction
Wikipedia
] and the use of large-bore tubes inserted into the esophagus to forcefully lavage it. [17] [ unreliable medical source? ] Endoscopic [ edit ] The Roth net can be inserted through the endoscope to remove pieces of the obstructed food. ... Traditional endoscopic techniques involved the use of an overtube, a plastic tube inserted into the esophagus prior to the removal of the food bolus, in order to reduce the risk of aspiration into the lungs at the time of endoscopy. [7] However, the "push technique", which involves insufflating air into the esophagus, and gently pushing the bolus toward the stomach instead, has emerged as a common and safe way of removing the obstruction. [7] [18] Other tools may be used to remove food boluses. The Roth Net is a mesh net that can be inserted through the endoscope, and opened and closed from the outside; it can be used to retrieve pieces of obstructed food. ... Primary and definitive diagnosis and therapy". Surgical Endoscopy . 3 (4): 195–8. doi : 10.1007/BF02171545 . PMID 2623551 . ^ a b Peksa, GD; DeMott, JM; Slocum, GW; Burkins, J; Gottlieb, M (April 2019). ... Gastrointestinal Endoscopy . 53 (2): 193–8. doi : 10.1067/mge.2001.112709 . PMID 11174291 . ^ a b c d Kerlin P, Jones D, Remedios M, Campbell C (2007). ... Can. J. Gastroenterol . 22 (10): 805–8. doi : 10.1155/2008/682082 . PMC 2661297 .
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Leishmaniasis
Wikipedia
Many Phlebotomine sandfly attacks occur at sunset rather than at night, so it may also be useful to put nets over doors and windows or to use insect repellents . ... Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease . 5 (3): 150–8. doi : 10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.09.004 . ... Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-28-8 . Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. [ page needed ] ^ Dacie JV, Bain BJ, Bates I (2006). ... The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (8): CD008736. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD008736.pub2 . ... Archived from the original on 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . ^ Birsel R (28 June 2002).TNF, IFNG, IL10, IL6, ARG1, IL18, CRP, TNFRSF18, MCL1, HSPA4, IL1B, SLC11A1, CXCL10, NLRP3, IL17A, TLR2, CCR5, TLR4, IL32, PRDX2, LEP, TGFB1, CD274, FCN2, CD163, MTOR, HM13, IL4, BCL2, BAX, LMLN, IGF1, HIF1A, ANXA1, VDR, UNG, TAM, NR0B2, EZR, ADA, TLR3, STAT1, MAPK3, MAPK4, EIF2AK2, PSG5, PSMD7, PTHLH, PTPN1, PTPN2, PTPN6, RPA1, RPS6, CCL2, CCL8, CXCL11, SLC1A5, SLC1A7, SNAP25, SOAT1, SPP1, TP63, EIF2S2, CDK5R1, GOPC, FOXP3, HSPA14, CD244, TOLLIP, FBLIM1, MSTO1, FBXW7, ACSS2, PDXP, SLC52A2, ALDH1A2, TMPRSS13, DCLK3, IL33, CDCA5, PWAR1, ARMH1, HNP1, CCR2, UPK3B, DLL1, SGSM3, NOX1, PABPC1, NR1I2, SPHK1, EIF2B4, EIF2B2, PRKAB1, HSPB3, SLC7A6, ARHGEF2, AIM2, H6PD, RABEPK, LANCL1, TNFSF13B, EBNA1BP2, CD160, GABARAPL2, GABARAPL1, PRDX5, POLR1A, MAPK1, NOS2, PRKAA2, PRKAA1, CST3, CTLA4, CTSB, CTSL, CYP51A1, DDT, DHFR, DPAGT1, DPP4, DSPP, DUSP4, EEF1B2, EEF2, EGFR, EIF2B1, F2R, FCGR2A, FECH, FLI1, CPB1, CCR7, LRBA, ATR, AKT1, ALDH1A1, APEX1, APRT, AQP1, ATM, ATP2A3, ATP2B4, PRDM1, CD69, BRCA1, CAPN1, CD1A, CD28, CD86, CD40, CD40LG, CD44, FPR2, G6PD, GAPDH, CYTB, MNAT1, CD200, MPG, MPL, MPST, MRC1, MSMB, MST1, AHR, MFAP1, PAEP, PHB, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, PIK3CG, PLP1, PNOC, MAP3K10, MBL2, GCHFR, IFNB1, GCK, GTF3C1, HLA-C, HMOX1, HSPD1, IFN1@, IFNA1, IFNA13, IL1A, LTA, IL9, IL12A, IL12RB1, IL13, ITGA4, ITGAL, JAK2, RPSA, H3P28
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Marfanoid–progeroid–lipodystrophy Syndrome
Wikipedia
Marfanoid–progeroid–lipodystrophy syndrome ( MPL ), also known as Marfan lipodystrophy syndrome ( MFLS ) or progeroid fibrillinopathy , is an extremely rare medical condition which manifests as a variety of symptoms including those usually associated with Marfan syndrome , an appearance resembling that seen in neonatal progeroid syndrome (NPS; also known as Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome), and severe partial lipodystrophy . [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] It is a genetic condition that is caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene , which encodes profibrillin , and affects the cleavage products of profibrillin, fibrillin-1 , a fibrous structural protein , and asprosin , a glucogenic protein hormone . [1] [6] As of 2016, fewer than 10 cases of the condition have been reported. [1] Lizzie Velásquez and Abby Solomon have become known publicly through the media for having the condition. [7] [8] In addition to severe lipodystrophy (loss of adipose tissue ), individuals with MPL show a concomitant marked loss of lean tissue mass , which also contributes to their "skinny" appearance. [3] Based on visual inspection, it was originally thought that the lipodystrophy associated with MPL was generalized . [3] However, it appears in fact to be partial, being confined to the face , distal extremities , and the paravertebral and lateral regions of the buttocks . [3] Normal amounts of subcutaneous fat are found in the torso over the chest and abdomen . [3] As such, the breasts are normal in females with MPL. [1] [2] Individuals with MPL have an appearance of being prematurely aged , but this is not due to actual early aging and is instead due to their paucity of subcutaneous fat . [1] As such, MPL is not truly a form of progeria . [1] In 2016, it was discovered that the partial lipodystrophy associated with MPL is caused by loss of the C-terminal domain cleavage product of profibrillin and novel glucogenic protein hormone, which has been named asprosin. [6] [8] Due to asprosin deficiency, individuals with MPL eat less, and do not gain weight or develop symptoms of diabetes like insulin resistance . [8] [3] [9] MPL patients burn less energy than normal individuals, but also consume less, and their net energy balance is moderately reduced. [10] In contrast to MPL patients, whose asprosin is undetectable in the blood, individuals with obesity and diabetes have elevated levels of asprosin. [6] As such, FBN1 has been nicknamed the "thin gene", and drug development for targeted inhibition of asprosin signaling is considered to be an "unusually promising" potential therapeutic route in the treatment of obesity and diabetes. [8] References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f Passarge E, Robinson PN, Graul-Neumann LM (2016). ... Despite consuming between 5,000 and 8,000 calories daily, the communications student, has never tipped over 4st 3lbs. ^ Duerrschmid C, He Y, Wang C, Li C, Bournat J, Romere C, Saha PK, Lee M, Phillips KJ, Jain M, Jia P, Zhao Z, Farias M, Wu Q, Milewicz DM, Sutton VR, Moore DM, Butte NF, Krashes MJ, Xu Y, and Chopra AR (2017) - "Asprosin Activates the Hypothalamic Hunger-Circuitry" - article under consideration for publication as of 8/30/2017. External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : E88.1 OMIM : 616914 External resources Orphanet : 300382 v t e Progeroid syndromes DNA repair RecQ-associated Werner syndrome Bloom syndrome Rothmund–Thomson syndrome NER protein-associated Cockayne syndrome Xeroderma pigmentosum Trichothiodystrophy Lamin A/C Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome Restrictive dermopathy Other/related disorders Li–Fraumeni syndrome Rapadilino syndrome Baller–Gerold syndrome DeSanctis–Cacchione syndrome Nijmegen breakage syndrome Fanconi anemia Dyskeratosis congenita Ataxia telangiectasia De Barsy syndrome PIBI(D)S syndrome BIDS syndrome Marfanoid–progeroid–lipodystrophy syndrome See also: DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder v t e Disorders of subcutaneous fat Panniculitis Lobular without vasculitis Cold Cytophagic histiocytic Factitial Gouty Pancreatic Traumatic needle-shaped clefts Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn Sclerema neonatorum Post-steroid panniculitis Lipodermatosclerosis Weber–Christian disease Lupus erythematosus panniculitis Sclerosing lipogranuloma with vasculitis: Nodular vasculitis / Erythema induratum Septal without vasculitis: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency panniculitis Erythema nodosum Acute Chronic with vasculitis: Superficial thrombophlebitis Lipodystrophy Acquired generalized: Acquired generalized lipodystrophy partial: Acquired partial lipodystrophy Centrifugal abdominal lipodystrophy HIV-associated lipodystrophy Lipoatrophia annularis localized: Localized lipodystrophy Congenital Congenital generalized lipodystrophy Familial partial lipodystrophy Marfanoid–progeroid–lipodystrophy syndrome Poland syndrome
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Thrombophilia, Familial, Due To Decreased Release Of Tissue Plasminogen Activator
OMIM
Defective release of tPA antigen was found in 8 of the 91 patients. A partial family study of 6 of the 8 patients included 10 family members with and 21 without DVT. ... Molecular Genetics Among 51 healthy males, Jern et al. (1999) found that a 311-bp Alu insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in intron 8 of the PLAT gene was significantly associated with the vascular release rate of tPA as assessed by a forearm venous occlusion test. Individuals homozygous for the insertion had significantly increased net local release rates than those who were either heterozygous or homozygous for the deletion. ... Ladenvall et al. (2003) screened 240 Swedish individuals without cardiovascular disease for 8 SNPs and an Alu insertion polymorphism at the PLAT locus, as well as for a polymorphism (173360.0002) in PAI1 promoter.
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Pseudohypoaldosteronism, Type Iid
OMIM
Description Familial hyperkalemic hypertension, also known as type II pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHAII) or Gordon syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant disease in which a net positive sodium ion balance is associated with renal potassium ion retention, resulting in hypertension, hyperkalemia, and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis (summary by Louis-Dit-Picard et al., 2012). ... Clinical Features Boyden et al. (2012) studied a cohort of 52 PHAII kindreds including 126 affected subjects with renal hyperkalemia and otherwise normal renal function; hypertension and acidosis were present in 71% and 82%, respectively. Among these 52 kindreds, 8 kindreds including 14 individuals carried recessive mutations in KLHL3, and 16 kindreds including 40 individuals carried dominant mutations. ... The KLHL3 gene showed a burden of mutation that surpassed genomewide significance (P = 1.1 x 10(-8)). The KLHL3 gene was sequenced in all PHAII index cases, and novel mutations were identified in 24. ... Sixteen kindreds had heterozygous mutations that cosegregated with the trait under a dominant model (lod score = 6.9, less than -2 under other models). In contrast, 8 index cases inherited mutations in both KLHL3 alleles. ... Analysis of KLHL3 in 43 probands with FHHT revealed 8 families in which a heterozygous missense mutation segregated with disease (see, e.g., 605775.0003, 605775.0008, and 605775.0011), as well as 4 consanguineous cases in which a homozygous missense mutation was found (see, e.g., 605775.0012).
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Neuroendocrine Tumor
Wikipedia
G1 and G2 neuroendocrine neoplasms are called neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) – formerly called carcinoid tumours. ... Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) NETs from a particular anatomical origin often show similar behavior as a group, such as the foregut (which conceptually includes pancreas, and even thymus, airway and lung NETs), midgut and hindgut ; individual tumors within these sites can differ from these group benchmarks: Foregut NETs are argentaffin negative. ... Not all cells are immediately killed; cell death can go on for up to two years. [ citation needed ] PRRT was initially used for low grade NETs. It is also very useful in more aggressive NETs such as Grade 2 and 3 NETs [83] [84] provided they demonstrate high uptake on SSTR imaging to suggest benefit. ... AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (8 ed.). Springer . pp. 415–16. ISBN 978-3-319-40617-6 . ^ Kimura W, Kuroda A, Morioka Y (July 1991). ... Archived from the original on January 8, 2010. ^ a b Langley, K. (1994). "The Neuroendocrine Concept Today".MEN1, CDKN1B, SSTR2, DAXX, ATRX, BRAF, TYMS, PTHLH, SSTR3, SSTR1, BAP1, MTOR, SST, GAST, SLC6A2, INSM1, CTNNB1, RET, PIK3CA, DNMT3A, POMC, EPHB1, PIK3CG, PIK3CD, CHGA, ELK3, CHEK2, PIK3CB, GRN, CD274, SMUG1, AKT1, GNA12, TP53, SYP, VEGFA, CDKN2A, ASCL1, BCL2, ENO2, NCAM1, GCG, MYCN, EGFR, MGMT, KIT, RASSF1, VHL, SCLC1, SSTR5, FOLH1, NKX2-1, KRAS, CALCA, CCND1, TAC1, PTPRF, VIP, NTS, PAX5, RHBDF2, GRP, IGF1, SDHD, GOT1, MAP2K7, CCK, ERBB2, DLL3, PPY, CXCL12, TP63, SMAD4, MUC1, INS, GCGR, CKAP4, NEUROD1, ISL1, MYC, NGF, SATB2, GLP1R, HSP90AA1, H3P10, HRAS, CHGB, CALR, NTRK1, TEK, DLK1, CDK4, CDX2, TGFA, UCHL1, RPE65, PGR, PDGFRA, CARTPT, CRH, UVRAG, SLC5A5, CXCR4, IGF1R, OTP, IL6, PHLDA3, TTF1, PAX8, TACR1, STK11, TRIM21, PLA2G15, SCG2, SQLE, SLC18A2, TERT, HDAC9, SLC2A1, PROM1, BCL2L11, NTSR1, PAX6, NAMPT, NOCT, INA, PLCB3, CD200, MKI67, PDX1, MAPK1, NES, HPSE, PTEN, STMN1, ABO, RIPK1, RORC, RAF1, IL1B, TRPV1, GATA3, ANGPT2, FOXM1, PTK2B, SDHAF2, ACCS, BDNF, EPAS1, EGF, ACSS2, MIB1, DNMT1, CCN2, TRPM8, CLDN4, CPE, CD34, CD44, FLNA, CEACAM5, B3GAT1, GH1, GIP, GHSR, GIPR, ADCY2, ALB, H3P28, TPPP2, H4C5, GGH, MIR1290, TMEM209, ELOA3, H4C13, H4C14, GPR151, SRPX, LGR5, TNFSF11, PSMG1, DCBLD2, H4-16, NRP1, MRGPRX4, SOCS1, H4C2, MIR3137, MRGPRX3, TNFRSF25, H3P12, CYYR1, AZIN2, DNER, AK6, MLIP, LMLN, NRP2, GPR68, MIR1246, H4C8, MAFK, MIR150, MIR155, MBOAT4, H4C9, MIR21, POTEKP, VN1R17P, SNORD95, GPR166P, ARID1A, EID3, SLC7A5, MIR375, H4C15, FZD4, MIRLET7C, OXER1, H4C12, HMGA2, H4C3, ARX, ELOA3B, GPRC6A, H4C11, H4C6, C17orf97, POTEM, MRGPRX1, ARMH1, H4C1, GADL1, ACTBL2, H4C4, BRI3, SQSTM1, ISYNA1, GHRL, ACOT7, KLF12, KRT20, SLC27A4, TET2, BCOR, EBNA1BP2, RALBP1, PGRMC1, LAMTOR1, FBXW7, MEG3, MAML3, TMEM127, NTNG1, ATRAID, KHDRBS1, DCTN4, SNORD61, NUP62, SNORD48, NTSR2, LPAR3, MAPK8IP2, SRRM2, BRD4, TRAM1, SPINK4, XIST, PPWD1, RBMS3, SETD1B, ZHX2, TNFSF13B, USE1, MAK16, UBE2Z, ONECUT2, FHL5, GCM2, DCLK1, ZBED1, ARHGEF2, PALB2, ALG9, SNED1, TET1, PDCD1LG2, TMPRSS13, MTA1, RPAIN, H1-10, EEF1E1, LGR6, PRMT5, NEUROD4, YAP1, SCML2, LANCL1, PAK4, RABEPK, ZNF197, CTNNBL1, PNO1, INSL5, EPB41L5, HDAC5, AKT3, CD302, GBA3, DCAF1, ATAT1, SERPINA3, VCL, CGA, ESR1, ERBB4, EPHB2, E2F1, DUSP2, DSG3, DPT, DPP4, DMBT1, DDC, DAD1, VCAN, CREB1, CRABP1, KLF6, CLU, FOXN3, CEACAM7, CEACAM3, ESR2, ETFA, EZH2, GHRH, HSPA4, AGFG1, HMOX1, HMGA1, GTF2H1, GSN, GNAS, GNA15, GFRA1, F3, GDNF, FSHR, FLT4, FLII, FLI1, FOXO1, FHIT, FGFR4, CGB3, CFL1, UQCRFS1, CDKN2C, FAS, APRT, APLP1, XIAP, APC, SLC25A6, SLC25A4, ANGPT1, ALK, AKT2, AFP, PARP1, ADCYAP1R1, ADCYAP1, ACVRL1, ACTN4, ACTG2, ACTG1, ACR, AQP4, ARF1, ATM, CASP3, CDK6, CD40LG, CD36, CD33, CCNE1, CCKBR, SERPINA6, CAV1, CA9, ATOH1, VPS51, C5, BRS3, BRCA2, DST, BAX, AVP, ATP4A, HTC2, HTR2A, TNC, IAPP, SDC1, SCT, SORT1, RNASE3, RARB, PTPRZ1, PTPRM, PTBP1, PSMD7, PSG2, PRKAR1A, PPP4C, POU4F1, PNN, PKD2, PITX2, PCYT1A, SERPINA5, PAX4, SDCBP, SDHB, SDHC, ST2, UBE2I, TPM3, TPH1, TNF, TM7SF2, TERC, TAT, STAT3, SSTR4, SEMA3F, SSR2, SOX11, SOX4, SOX2, SLPI, SLC3A2, SLC1A5, SFRP1, PAK3, PAK1, TNFRSF11B, KIF11, MDK, MAOA, LCN2, RPSA, L1CAM, KRT19, KRT7, KRT5, IL12A, MET, IL9, CXCL8, IL2, IL1A, IGFBP1, IGF2, IFNA13, IFNA1, MDM2, MFAP1, ODC1, MUTYH, NTRK2, NT5E, NRAS, NOTCH3, NPY, NOTCH1, NFKB1, NEFM, MUC4, CD99, NUDT1, COX2, MTAP, MST1R, MST1, MSMB, MMP7, MLH1, PTPRC
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Ameloblastoma
Wikipedia
Other less common histological variants include acanthomatous , basal cell , and granular cell patterns. [8] Follicular [ edit ] The most common follicular type has an outer arrangement of columnar or palisaded ameloblasts-like cells and inner zone of triangular shaped cells resembling stellate reticulum from the bell stage of tooth development. [8] Plexiform [ edit ] The plexiform type has epithelium that proliferates in a "Fish Net Pattern". ... The ameloblasts cells can be less prominent. [8] Cystic structure [ edit ] Large cysts up to a few centimetres in diameter can be found. ... International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery . 17 (5): 316–8. doi : 10.1016/S0901-5027(88)80011-0 . ... The Journal of Pathology . 232 (5): 492–8. doi : 10.1002/path.4317 . PMC 4255689 . ... "Suppression of local invasion of ameloblastoma by inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in vitro" . BMC Cancer . 8 (182): 182. doi : 10.1186/1471-2407-8-182 .BRAF, SMO, TP53, CTNNB1, BCL2, PTCH1, HSPG2, MMP2, MMP9, AMBN, TP63, TNFSF11, IL6, EWSR1, TIMP2, EGFR, VIM, PDPN, GLI1, CKAP4, CD34, UVRAG, MDM2, RPE65, MSH2, MLH1, WNT1, HRAS, CXCL8, NOTCH1, FGFR2, ITGB1, COX2, PCNA, RECK, CCND1, SS18, CALB2, PTGS2, CD44, SDC1, MAP2K7, CDKN2A, ZEB1, SDC2, MTCO2P12, SHH, SPARC, KMT2D, RBM10, AXIN1, MOGS, TUFT1, SSX2, XRCC1, TP73, SYT1, TGFB2, TNF, EZR, VEGFA, TNFRSF1A, AXIN2, STAT3, ACTB, TNFRSF25, ARMH1, SF3B6, SUFU, MIB1, ARHGAP24, ING5, MARCHF10, FAM83H, POU5F1P3, SNORA65, POU5F1P4, GGTLC5P, SSX2B, GGTLC3, GGT2, GGTLC4P, H3P8, LAMTOR2, BAMBI, TNFSF10, RABEPK, TNFRSF11A, TNFRSF10A, ARHGEF2, SOX2, FAM30A, BCL2L11, ENAM, CDK2AP2, QPCT, LANCL1, POSTN, HPSE, SUB1, EBNA1BP2, RPP14, CADM1, MSC, PI3, S100A9, FGFR1, ERBB3, ERBB4, FGF2, FGF3, FGF7, FGF10, FLI1, HIF1A, FOS, MTOR, GGT1, GPC3, GNAS, GPC1, ERBB2, EPHB4, DAG1, CCN2, CDK4, CDH18, CD68, CASP8, DDR1, BMP4, BMP2, BGN, APC, AMELY, AMELX, AKT1, NR0B1, HGF, TNC, RPS6KB1, PDGFRA, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, NOTCH4, DDR2, TNFRSF11B, PDGFA, JAG1, IBSP, POU5F1, MAPK1, MAPK3, PSMD7, PTHLH, RAF1, MYC, MMP14, MMP1, MKI67, RPSA, KRT19, KRT14, KRAS, JAG2, ITGA5, ITGA3, ITGA2, ISL1, ING2, ING1, IL9, IL1A, H3P28
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Quartan Fever
Wikipedia
Both hydrochloroquine and chloroquine have a side effect of retinal toxicity when administered to infected patients. [8] Adverse effects of the drug chloroquine include agitation, anxiety, confusion, Gastrointestinal discomfort, [8] blurring vision, and/or irreversible retinal damage. ... Spraying is a method in multiple regions and to control epidemics. [10] Nets treated with insecticide are effective in preventing mosquito contact for three years. ... Retrieved 9 May 2019 . ^ a b "LABEL: CHLOROQUINE- chloroquine phosphate tablet" . DAILY MED . 8 July 2010 . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . ^ a b "Malaria" . 2019 . ... PMID 23403684 . ^ a b c d e f g Tizifa, Tinashe A (8 February 2018). "Prevention Efforts for Malaria" . ... PMID 22297155 . v t e Malaria Biology Malaria Cerebral Quartan fever Blackwater fever Pregnancy-associated Plasmodium biology life cycle vivax falciparum ovale malariae knowlesi Anopheles mosquito Lifecycle Schizont Merozoite Hypnozoite Gametocyte Control and prevention Public health DDT Mosquito net Malaria prophylaxis Mosquito control Sterile insect technique Genetic resistance Duffy antigen Sickle-cell anaemia Thalassemia G6PDH deficiency Malaria vaccine RTS,S Diagnosis and treatment Diagnosis of malaria Malaria culture Blood film Malaria antigen detection tests Antimalarials Artemisinin Mefloquine Proguanil Society and malaria Diseases of poverty Millennium Development Goals History of malaria Roman fever National Malaria Eradication Program World Malaria Day Epidemiology Malaria and the Caribbean Malaria Atlas Project Organisations Malaria Consortium Against Malaria Foundation Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Imagine No Malaria Malaria No More Africa Fighting Malaria African Malaria Network Trust South African Malaria Initiative African Leaders Malaria Alliance Amazon Malaria Initiative The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Medicines for Malaria Venture Category v t e Topics in epidemiology Branches of epidemiology by physiology/disease: Cognitive epidemiology Neuroepidemiology Psychiatric epidemiology Veterinary epidemiology by methodological approach: Biostatistics Disease informatics E-epidemiology Environmental epidemiology Economic epidemiology Clinical epidemiology Computational epidemiology Conflict epidemiology Genetic epidemiology Life course approach Meta-analysis Molecular epidemiology Molecular pathological epidemiology Nutritional epidemiology Paleoepidemiology Pharmacoepidemiology Social epidemiology Spatial epidemiology Tele-epidemiology Surveillance epidemiology ( Clinical surveillance ) Global epidemiology of: Asthma Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Autism Bed bugs Binge drinking Cancer breast Depression Diabetes mellitus Domestic violence Hepatitis C Herpes HIV/AIDS Leprosy Malnutrition Mental disorders child Motor vehicle collisions Obesity childhood Periodontal diseases Pneumonia Representations Schizophrenia Snakebites Suicide Syphilis Teenage pregnancy Tuberculosis Epidemiology journals General American Journal of Epidemiology Canadian Journal of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Global Epidemiological News Epidemiologic Reviews Epidemiology International Journal of Epidemiology Annals of Epidemiology Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health European Journal of Epidemiology Emerging Themes in Epidemiology Epidemiologic Perspectives and Innovations Eurosurveillance Speciality Cancer Causes & Control Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention Epidemiology and Infection Genetic Epidemiology Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology Journal of Clinical Epidemiology Paediatric Perinatal Epidemiology Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Preventive Medicine
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Renal Tubular Acidosis, Distal, Autosomal Recessive
OMIM
The kidney plays a key role in this homeostasis under normal circumstances, owing to its ability to vary bicarbonate reclamation and net acid excretion over a wide range. ... Seedat (1964) reported a family with 8 affected members in 4 generations. ... Molecular Genetics Karet et al. (1998) analyzed the SLC4A1 gene (109270) in 17 families with autosomal recessive distal RTA but found no mutations. In 8 of 9 renal tubular acidosis kindreds with normal audiometry linked to the ATP6N1B locus, Smith et al. (2000) identified homozygous mutations in the ATP6N1B gene (ATP6V0A4; 605239).
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Cryohydrocytosis
OMIM
Studies of the temperature dependence of passive permeability showed that the minimum in the passive permeability, which was seen in normal cells at 8-10 degrees centigrade, was shifted up to 23 degrees centigrade in these abnormal cells, such that the permeability at 0 degrees centigrade exceeded that at 37 degrees centigrade. ... Further investigation revealed a red cell potassium leak that was 8-fold higher than control and a 2- to 3-fold increase in activity of the sodium/potassium pump, resulting in a diagnosis of cryohydrocytosis. ... Molecular Genetics Bruce et al. (2005) studied 11 pedigrees with dominantly inherited hemolytic anemias, 3 spherocytic (see SPH4, 612653) and 8 stomatocytic, including families previously reported by Coles et al. (1999, 1999), Haines et al. (2001), and Gore et al. (2004). ... At cold temperatures, the RBCs swelled in KCl-containing media but not in NaCl-containing or KNO(3)-containing media, indicating that volume changes were mediated by an anion-coupled cation transporter. In NaCl-containing media, net HOE642-sensitive Na(+)/K(+) exchange prevailed, whereas in KCl-containing media, swelling was mediated by a Cl-dependent K(+) uptake. Unidirectional K(+) influx measurements showed that the patient's cells had abnormally high activities of the K(+)Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (KNHE) and the K(+),Cl(-) cotransporter (KCC), which could account for the observed net movements of cations. Neither chloride nor cation conductance in patient RBCs differed from that of healthy donors.SLC4A1, IFNA1, IFNL3, PAEP, IL10, IFNA13, IFNA2, GPT, PNPLA3, IFNL4, CXCL10, MIR122, ADIPOQ, FBL, TNF, IFNG, AFP, HFE, IL6, TLR3, LEP, STOM, LGALS3BP, TLR7, MTHFR, TM6SF2, RBP4, HLA-C, VDR, TP53, HAMP, IL21, ITPA, IGF1, CLTC, SCARB1, SOCS1, KIR3DL1, IL22, IL15, MIR146A, IFNB1, APOB, TLR4, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, MIR145, HLA-B, HLA-A, SOCS3, UGT1A1, SLC2A1, TLR2, GEM, TLL1, SEMA3C, RNF7, NR1D2, MIR21, MIR324, AKT3, MIR27A, WDHD1, EIF2AK3, POLG2, USP18, MIR19A, MIR199A2, KLF12, GDF15, TNFRSF1A, MIR221, DDX58, MIR224, IER3, NR0B2, SEMA5A, VEGFA, MIR296, PGR-AS1, ABCB11, VCAM1, SLC33A1, TNFSF4, TRAF6, MIR34A, HEIH, SPEN, IFNL2, GALNT8, SIKE1, MAVS, MIR106A, CISD3, IFIH1, MBOAT7, CYBRD1, SEMA6D, RNF34, SLC17A5, IFNL1, GGT2, GGTLC3, SLC4A11, CYP2R1, RBM45, A2ML1, AICDA, GGTLC4P, RALGAPB, MIR130A, TBK1, TBX21, MIR199A1, SLC40A1, IFNLR1, IL21R, GOLM1, MIR195, MIR1307, TLR8, MIR192, GHRL, RTEL1, GGTLC5P, CD24, MIR602, PLIN2, TGFB1, CHI3L1, CMKLR1, CNR1, CNR2, CPT1A, CRP, CSF2, CST3, CTLA4, CYP2E1, DBP, DDX5, DPP4, EPO, ETFA, ETV6, FBP1, FCAR, FOXM1, GGT1, CCR5, CD69, TGFA, CD38, AGTR1, ANGPT2, APOA1, APOE, APP, AQP4, ARG1, ATM, BCL2, BCL2A1, BCL6, BGN, VPS51, CAD, CASP1, CD247, CD14, CD27, CD34, GPC3, GOT1, GOT2, CXCR3, NUDT1, MTTP, MUC1, MX1, NCAM1, OGG1, PECAM1, PIK3R2, PPP2CA, PTPA, PLAAT4, RIT2, CCL4, CCL22, CXCL11, SLC6A4, SPP1, STAT1, TAPBP, MBL2, SMAD4, LPL, IL17A, HBB, HLA-DQA2, IGF1R, IL4, IL5, CXCR2, IL10RA, TNFRSF9, IMPDH2, LGALS9, ITGAE, JUN, KDR, L1CAM, LAG3, LALBA, LAMC2, LBP, RARRES2
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Monomac
Wikipedia
Not to be confused with the .Net bindings MonoMac. monoMAC syndrome Other names MonoMAC/DCML, monocytopenia and mycobacterium avium complex/dendritic cell, monocyte, B and NK lymphocyte deficiency Specialty Medical genetics MonoMAC syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome associated with: monocytopenia , B and NK cell lymphopenia ; mycobacterial, viral, fungal, and bacterial opportunistic infections ; and virus infection-induced cancers . ... "Autosomal dominant and sporadic monocytopenia with susceptibility to mycobacteria, fungi, papillomaviruses, and myelodysplasia" . Blood . 115 (8): 1519–29. doi : 10.1182/blood-2009-03-208629 . ... "Autosomal dominant and sporadic monocytopenia with susceptibility to mycobacteria, fungi, papillomaviruses, and myelodysplasia" . Blood . 115 (8): 1519–29. doi : 10.1182/blood-2009-03-208629 . ... "Exome sequencing identifies GATA-2 mutation as the cause of dendritic cell, monocyte, B and NK lymphoid deficiency" . Blood . 118 (10): 2656–8. doi : 10.1182/blood-2011-06-360313 .
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Phosphate Nephropathy
Wikipedia
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the potential risk factors of this complication are pre-existing kidney disease, increased age, female gender, dehydration , comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus , hypertension ,...concurrent treatment with hypertensive medications ( ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers ) and medications that affect renal perfusion (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug or NSAIDs and diuretics ). [2] This complication can be diagnosed with renal tests and biomarkers in laboratories including histochemical staining of renal biopsy specimens, [3] the measure of creatinine level, GFR level, and urine output, [4] [5] urine microscopy, [1] CT scanning, [6] and urinalysis. [3] Phosphate nephropathy may also lead to further renal complications including acute kidney diseases and chronic kidney diseases , or the abrupt and gradual loss of kidney function over time. [7] Different management approaches involve the use of alternative bowel preparation agents and increasing patients' risk assessment among healthcare professionals, including nephrologists , gastroenterologists , and renal pathologists. [8] Other agents used for bowel preparation (e.g. magnesium citrate or PEG-3350 & electrolyte-based purgatives such as Colyte or Golytely) do not carry this risk. [4] [8] According to the U.S. ... Fleet's Phospho soda ) in the form of tablets with the same efficacy as PEG-ELS, was chosen as a safe alternative bowel preparation agent. [7] Later, in 1975, acute kidney injury and potential chronic kidney disease were first found to be related to the ingestion of OSP. [8] Then, in 2003, an adverse incident of calcium phosphate deposition within the renal tubules was first reported following the use of OSP. [8] This was linked to the tubular injury and other renal complications as well as the emergence of the term “phosphate nephropathy”. [8] Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Patients with phosphate nephropathy have variable outcomes, either being recognised as developing acute kidney injury , the abrupt loss in renal failure , or being undiagnosed. [4] As the deposition of calcium phosphate crystals are detected at the renal tubules following the use of OSP, the symptoms of phosphate nephropathy are similar to acute tubular necrosis , an intrinsic renal injury. [9] For example, events including diarrhea , vomiting , dehydration , sepsis , and hypotension following the colonoscopy, can indicate the risk of phosphate nephropathy and raise the concern for acute tubular necrosis . [9] The results of hypotension and dehydration are dry mucous membrane, decreased skin turgor, and cool extremities, which can be used to notify the abnormal renal perfusion. [9] As there is a gap between the first administration of OSP and recognisable symptoms, many phosphate nephropathy incidences are overlooked and not proceeded to biopsy for further investigation. [8] The transient hyperphosphatasemia , the electrolyte disorder with elevated phosphate level in the blood, is found to be correlated with the use of OSP after colonoscopy. [10] Significant electrolyte abnormalities including hypocalcemia , hypernatremia , and hypomagnesemia are also the outcomes of the use of OSP. [4] As these detection tests are mostly operated at the laboratory level, phosphate nephropathy incidents are widely under-recognized and overlooked. [10] Depiction of different adverse renal conditions. ... Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases . 8 (3): 246–249. PMID 24878951 . ^ a b c d e f g h Abcar, Antoine (2009-07-01). ... "Dialysis: A Review of the Mechanisms Underlying Complications in the Management of Chronic Renal Failure" . Cureus . 9 (8): e1603. doi : 10.7759/cureus.1603 . ... "Crystalline-induced kidney disease: a case for urine microscopy" . Clinical Kidney Journal . 8 (2): 131–136. doi : 10.1093/ckj/sfu105 .
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Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Orphanet
Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is a disorder of impaired net acid secretion by the distal tubule characterized by hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. ... Children require very high doses (4-8 meq/kg/day) whereas adults need much lower doses (1-2 meq/kg/day).SLC4A1, ATP6V0A4, ATP6V1B1, WDR72, SLC4A4, CA2, GATA3, OSGEP, EPHA3, NCOA7, MRGPRF, SLC26A7, VAX2, RBFOX2, ALB, SLC26A4, AMH, GYPB, GYPA, FOXI1, CANX, ATP6AP1, GYPE
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Donohue Syndrome
OMIM
The patient studied by Elsas et al. (1985), a black female, was 8 years old at the time of report. Most patients have died by the age of 10 months. ... In a Yemeni family, Al-Gazali et al. (1993) observed what they considered to be a mild form of leprechaunism in 4 males and 1 female out of 8 offspring of second-cousin parents. ... The mutation involved replacement of a 13-bp sequence in exon 13 by an unrelated 5-bp sequence. The net deletion of 8 bp shifted the reading frame and introduced a premature chain termination downstream. ... Before the patient died at the age of almost 8 years, severe changes in the bones, of an unusual type, had developed.
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Environmental Disease
Wikipedia
However, recent research shows that increased access to healthcare weakens the urban association with these diseases, [6] and the net effect is still unclear. Interestingly, many mental health disorders have also been associated with urban areas, especially in low socioeconomic areas. [7] Increased levels of stress, air & light & noise pollution, and reduced "green" space are all urban-associated environmental effects that are adversely linked to mental health. [2] Though urban areas are often correlated with dirtiness and disease, they are likely to have more access to higher quality health care which can lead to more positive health outcomes. ... Other toxic metals or metals that are known to evoke adverse immune reactions are arsenic , phosphorus , zinc , beryllium , cadmium , chromium , manganese , nickel , cobalt , osmium , platinum , [8] selenium , tellurium , thallium , uranium , and vanadium . ... "Platinum Neurotoxicity Pharmacogenetics" . Molecular Cancer Therapeutics . 8 (1): 10–16. doi : 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0840 . ... Notes [ edit ] The Diseases of Occupations, Sixth Edition, Donald Hunter, C.B.E., D.Sc., M.D., F.R.C.P., Hodder and Stoughton, London. ISBN 0-340-22084-8 , 1978. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1991 Aug;62(8):795-7.
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Botellón
Wikipedia
The activity is popular among teenagers and young adults partly in response to rising drink prices at bars or clubs, and partly because more people can meet in one place. [1] Botellón is not an alternative to typical nightlife, but is rather an economical way to drink with people before going out to bars, discos, or clubs. [2] Contents 1 Origins 2 Characteristics 3 Opposition 4 Countermeasures 5 Designated botellón areas 6 Macro-botellón 7 See also 8 References Origins [ edit ] The origins of botellón trace back to Andalusia in the 1980s. ... Also, loud music contributes to the amount of noise, which is one reason why participants have begun moving to less populated areas in cities. [8] Vandalism : The intoxicated participants of a botellón may potentially leave trash or vandalize a public area and because botellón occurs in public spaces, the city's cleaning crews have to clean it up, which can cause frustration and anxiety with non-participants. In response to these problems, some municipal authorities have appointed special cleaning plans and attempted to charge participants a fine to offset the costs. [8] Economic issues : The higher cost of drinks in clubs and bars makes it difficult for young people with little or no income to go out to a bar or club and drink. ... One example of a macro-botellón was on 17 March 2006, "Half of Spain [met] on the net to organize a macro-botellón". [13] The macro-botellón was organized in cities around Spain, such as Madrid, Barcelona, Sevilla, Oviedo, Murcia, Vitoria, Málaga, Córdoba, Granada, and Jaén. [14] One of the purposes of the macro-botellón on 17 March 2006, near the Faro de Moncloa in Madrid, Spain, was to protest against the municipal restrictions on drinking alcohol in the streets. ... CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) ^ a b Mateo-Yanguas, Cristina (November 8, 2009). "Spanish teens fight for their right…to par-tay" . globalpost.com .
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Coinfection
Wikipedia
Global prevalence or incidence of coinfection among humans is unknown, but it is thought to be commonplace, [1] sometimes more common than single infection. [2] Coinfection with helminths affects around 800 million people worldwide. [3] Coinfection is of particular human health importance because pathogen species can interact within the host. The net effect of coinfection on human health is thought to be negative. [4] Interactions can have either positive or negative effects on other parasites. ... In some countries, up to 80% of tuberculosis patients are also HIV-positive. [8] The potential for dynamics of these two infectious diseases to be linked has been known for decades. [9] Other common examples of coinfections are AIDS , which involves coinfection of end-stage HIV with opportunistic parasites [10] and polymicrobial infections like Lyme disease with other diseases. [11] Coinfections sometimes can epitomize a zero sum game of bodily resources, and precise viral quantitation demonstrates children co-infected with rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus , metapneumovirus or parainfluenza virus have lower nasal viral loads than those with rhinovirus alone. [12] Contents 1 Poliovirus 2 Examples 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Poliovirus [ edit ] Poliovirus is a positive single-stranded RNA virus in the family Picornaviridae . ... Cell . 47 (3): 433–43. doi : 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90600-8 . PMC 7133339 . PMID 3021340 . ^ Barr JN, Fearns R (June 2010). ... Infection, Genetics and Evolution . 57 : 8–25. doi : 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.024 .GPT, IL10, TNF, IFNA1, IFNA13, IL1B, MBL2, ATAD1, IL6, TLR4, S100A8, NLRP3, IFNG, CRP, TLR2, TMPRSS13, MSMB, MPO, TCN1, MST1, LMLN, CRYL1, GLUD1, UGDH, MYD88, PTPN11, LPL, ALB, H6PD, TP53, CXCL10, UBE2B, STIL, IVNS1ABP, MMP1, TLR9, PMEL, IFNA2, IFNB1, IL2, CXCL8, IL17A, KLRC2, EXT1, SMOX, PDLIM7, ARG1, CACNA1B, BMPER, BRCA1, IL33, CCR5, LINC01194, CD14, MIR146A, CCL2, DEFB4A, AFP, LXN, DEFB4B, COPD, SOAT1, SNAP25, HACD1, SMARCB1, ST13, ST14, IL32, IL1RL1, FCGR2C, STXBP1, HSP90B1, SULT2A1, TAP1, TPO, TPI1, TLR3, UTRN, ZAP70, CXCR4, SLBP, NR4A3, BCAR3, TIMP4, DENR, TGM3, TGFB1, PRDX2, TNFSF10, PROM1, CD163, ARTN, NAT2, PPIG, TICAM1, HAMP, SRR, ERVK-6, MRPL41, RNF34, DNAJC5, UBASH3B, TSLP, HPS4, TRIM69, NLRP6, GDF15, IFNL3, VN1R2, VN1R4, VN1R5, TREML1, MIR20B, KLKP1, CCR2, TRAP, AD12, PGPEP1, RHOF, IER3IP1, HEBP1, TP53I3, APOBEC3B, STAM2, TRIM22, TACC3, SORBS1, C1QL1, METAP2, NT5C2, BRD4, SEC14L2, SUMF2, PARS2, IL17C, PRSS50, RMC1, OBP2A, ERVW-1, IL22, MBL3P, NTM, CAP1, PPARG, CXCL12, F12, DECR1, DHCR7, DHFR, DPP4, E2F1, EGR1, ELANE, ELAVL1, EPHA3, EPRS1, F8, FCGR3A, CXCL11, FCGR3B, FGF2, FGF9, FLNA, GAPDH, CBLIF, GJA1, GLB1, GRN, CXCL1, HDLBP, DAPK1, CYP26A1, CYP3A4, CYP2B6, ACTB, AGRP, AHR, AKT1, AMBP, ANXA6, AZU1, BCL2, OPN1SW, CFB, BMP1, CAV2, CD33, CD38, ENTPD1, CEACAM5, CEACAM3, CEACAM7, CHAT, CHML, COX8A, CRH, CTAA1, CFH, HLA-B, HLA-DQB1, OAS1, PCNA, PF4, SLC25A3, SERPINA1, SERPINB6, SERPINB9, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, PIK3CG, ABCA1, PRCP, MAP2K1, EIF2AK2, PSEN1, PSG2, PSMB8, PTPN2, RAD51, RAG1, RTN2, SCD, CCL5, SERPINE1, NM, HLA-G, NFKB1, HMOX1, FOXA2, HSPA4, IFNA4, IFNAR2, IL1A, IL4, IL15, IL18, IRF3, ITGA2B, ITPA, KLKB1, KIF22, LNPEP, LTF, LYZ, MBP, CXCL9, MMP9, MUC2, NDUFS3, NFE2L2, ERVK-20
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Mosquito Bites
Mayo Clinic
Avoid and exclude mosquitoes Limit exposure to mosquitoes by: Repairing any tears in the screens on windows, doors and camping gear Using mosquito netting over strollers and cribs Using mosquito netting when sleeping outdoors Selecting self-care products that don't have scents Use insect repellent Use insect repellent when mosquitoes are active. ... If you're using a spray repellent, apply it outdoors and away from food. You may need to reapply it 6 to 8 hours later if you're still in an area where mosquitoes are active. ... Some sporting goods stores sell clothing pretreated with permethrin. Don't wash bed nets or set them in sunlight, as this breaks down permethrin.
