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Discovering Psychology . Worth Publishers. ISBN 0-7167-5704-4 . [ page needed ] ^ Fried, Yehuda; Joseph Agassi (1976). ... Needham Heights, MA, USA: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 0-205-14164-1 . Das, J.P. (2002). A better look at intelligence. ... Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 445–476. ISBN 978-0-521-59648-0 . Lay summary (22 July 2013). ... Essentials of Psychological Testing . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-41978-5 . Lay summary (10 October 2013). ... Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–38. ISBN 978-0-521-73911-5 . Lay summary (9 February 2012).
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because pachyonychia congenita-4 (PC4) is caused by heterozygous mutation in the KRT6B gene (148042) on chromosome 12q13. Description Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis with the main clinical features of hypertrophic nail dystrophy, painful and highly debilitating plantar keratoderma, oral leukokeratosis, and a variety of epidermal cysts. Although the condition had previously been subdivided clinically into Jadassohn-Lewandowsky PC type 1 and Jackson-Lawler PC type 2, patients with PC were later found to have a mixed constellation of both types, leading to a classification of PC based on genotype (summary by Sybert, 2010; Eliason et al., 2012; McLean et al., 2011). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of pachyonychia congenita, see 167200. Historical Classification of Pachyonychia Congenita Gorlin et al. (1976) suggested that 2 distinct syndromes are subsumed under the designation pachyonychia congenita.
Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is a rare genodermatosis predominantly featuring painful palmoplantar keratoderma, thickened nails, cysts and whitish oral mucosa. Epidemiology The prevalence is not known but approximately 1000 patients have been registered to date worldwide. Clinical description PC presents clinically as a spectrum of conditions. PC onset is variable with most cases manifesting soon after birth, others becoming clinically apparent only in late childhood and rarely in adulthood. The first signs of the disease usually are thickened nails or neonatal teeth.
Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is a rare inherited condition that primarily affects the nails and skin. The fingernails and toenails may be thickened and abnormally shaped . Affected people can also develop painful calluses and blisters on the soles of their feet and less frequently on the palms of their hands ( palmoplantar keratoderma ). Additional features include white patches on the tongue and inside of the mouth (leukokeratosis); bumps around the elbows, knees, and waistline (follicular hyperkeratosis); and cysts of various types including steatocystoma. Features may vary among affected people depending on their specific mutation.
For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of pachyonychia congenita, see 167200. Inheritance Chong-Hai and Rajagopalan (1977) suggested autosomal recessive inheritance of pachyonychia congenita in a 4-year-old Malaysian girl with first-cousin parents, although they recognized new dominant mutation as a possibility. See also Sivasundram et al. (1985). INHERITANCE - Autosomal recessive HEAD & NECK Mouth - No oral leukoplakia SKIN, NAILS, & HAIR Skin - Horny papules (face, leg, buttocks) - No palmoplantar hyperkeratosis - No hyperhidrosis Nails - Episodic inflammatory swelling of nail bed - Recurrent shedding of nails - Hard,thickened nails (pachyonychia) - Subungual hyperkeratosis MISCELLANEOUS - See also pachyonychia congenita, type 3 (PC1, 167200 ) ▲ Close
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because pachyonychia congenita-3 (PC3) is caused by heterozygous mutation in the keratin-6a gene (KRT6A; 148041) on chromosome 12q13. Description Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis with the main clinical features of hypertrophic nail dystrophy, painful and highly debilitating plantar keratoderma, oral leukokeratosis, and a variety of epidermal cysts. Although the condition had previously been subdivided clinically into Jadassohn-Lewandowsky PC type 1 and Jackson-Lawler PC type 2, patients with PC were later found to have a mixed constellation of both types, leading to a classification of PC based on genotype (summary by Sybert, 2010; Eliason et al., 2012; McLean et al., 2011). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of pachyonychia congenita, see 167200. Historical Classification of Pachyonychia Congenita Gorlin et al. (1976) suggested that 2 distinct syndromes are subsumed under the designation pachyonychia congenita.
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that pachyonychia congenita-2 (PC2) is caused by heterozygous mutation in the KRT17 gene (148069) on chromosome 17q21. Description Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis with the main clinical features of hypertrophic nail dystrophy, painful and highly debilitating plantar keratoderma, oral leukokeratosis, and a variety of epidermal cysts. Although the condition had previously been subdivided clinically into Jadassohn-Lewandowsky PC type 1 and Jackson-Lawler PC type 2, patients with PC were later found to have a mixed constellation of both types, leading to a classification of PC based on genotype (summary by Sybert, 2010; Eliason et al., 2012; McLean et al., 2011). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of pachyonychia congenita, see 167200. Historical Classification of Pachyonychia Congenita Gorlin et al. (1976) suggested that 2 distinct syndromes are subsumed under the designation pachyonychia congenita.
Smith et al. (2005) identified keratin mutations in 30 probands from the International Pachyonychia Congenita Research Registry, including 8 patients with mutations in the KRT16 gene (see, e.g., 148067.0001-148067.0003 and 148067.0012).
According to the 1999 classification proposed by the World Health Organization , they can be divided into three categories. [7] [8] However, the classifications in ICD10 and MeSH are slightly different, as shown below: Name WHO ICD10 MeSH Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) I D76.0 Langerhans-cell histiocytosis Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) II D76.3 non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) II D76.1 non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis Niemann–Pick disease II E75.2 non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis Sea-blue histiocytosis II - non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis Acute monocytic leukemia III C93.0 malignant histiocytic disorders Malignant histiocytosis III C96.1 malignant histiocytic disorders Erdheim–Chester disease II C96.1 malignant histiocytic disorders Treatments [ edit ] Chemotherapy Cladribine (also known as 2CDA or Leustatin) Etoposide Vinblastine (Velban) Society [ edit ] Patients and families can gain support and educational materials from the Histiocytosis Association , or the Histiocytosis Research Trust . Information concerning histiocytosis and clinicians located in European countries may be found in many languages at the web portal of Euro Histio Net (EHN). This is a project funded by the European Union, coordinated by Jean Donadieu, APHP , Paris, France. ... Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology . Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0 . ^ Goldberg, J; Nezelof, C (1986), "Lymphohistiocytosis: a multi-factorial syndrome of macrophagic activation clinico-pathological study of 38 cases", Hematol Oncol , 4 (4): 275–289, PMID 3557322 . ^ Egan, Caoimhe; Jaffe, Elaine S. (2018). ... Springer Science & Business Media. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-387-73743-0 . External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : C96.1 , D76.0 ICD - 9-CM : 202.3 , 277.89 MeSH : D015614 SNOMED CT : 60657004 External resources MedlinePlus : 000068 eMedicine : ped/1997 v t e Histiocytosis WHO-I/ Langerhans cell histiocytosis / X-type histiocytosis Letterer–Siwe disease Hand–Schüller–Christian disease Eosinophilic granuloma Congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytosis WHO-II/ non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis / Non-X histiocytosis Juvenile xanthogranuloma Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis Erdheim-Chester disease Niemann–Pick disease Sea-blue histiocyte Benign cephalic histiocytosis Generalized eruptive histiocytoma Xanthoma disseminatum Progressive nodular histiocytosis Papular xanthoma Hereditary progressive mucinous histiocytosis Reticulohistiocytosis ( Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis , Reticulohistiocytoma ) Indeterminate cell histiocytosis WHO-III/ malignant histiocytosis Histiocytic sarcoma Langerhans cell sarcoma Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma Ungrouped Rosai–Dorfman disease
Affluenza: How to Be Successful and Stay Sane . Vermilion . ISBN 978-0-09-190011-3 . ^ James, Oliver (2008). The Selfish Capitalist . Vermilion . ISBN 978-0-09-192381-5 . ^ James, Oliver (2007). ... London: Vermilion. p. 344 . ISBN 978-0-09-190010-6 . 1. The mean prevalence of emotional distress for the six English-speaking nations combined was 21.6%. ... (Archive is the same work, but on a different website) Further reading [ edit ] The Circle of Simplicity , Cecile Andrews, ISBN 0-06-092872-7 The Golden Ghetto: The Psychology of Affluence , Jessie H. O'Neill, ISBN 978-0-9678554-0-0 Voluntary Simplicity , Duane Elgin, ISBN 0-688-12119-5 Voluntary Simplicity , Daniel Doherty & Amitai Etzioni, ISBN 0-7425-2066-8 How Much Is Too Much?
Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 423–. ISBN 978-1-84882-513-0 . ^ Merril D. Smith (8 September 2014). ... Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 73–. ISBN 978-0-7591-2332-8 . ^ Vasan; R.S. (1 January 1998). ... Biochemistry and Function of Sterols . CRC Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-8493-7674-0 . ^ Michael Crocetti; Michael A. ... Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 564–. ISBN 978-0-7817-3770-8 . ^ W. Steven Pray (2006). ... Longo (8 November 2010). Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy: Principles and Practice .
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), also called sleeping sickness, is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by a protozoa of the Trypanosoma genus transmitted by the bite of a tsetse fly (genus Glossina ), that is found under its chronic form (average duration of 3 years) in western and central Africa (in case of the T. brucei gambiense sub-species), and under its acute form (lasting from few weeks to 6 months) in eastern and southern Africa (in case of the T. brucei rhodesiense sub-species). HAT comprises an initial hemo-lymphatic stage characterized by fever, weakness, musculoskeletal pain, anemia, and lymphadenopathy, along with dermatologic, cardiac and endocrine complications or hepatosplenomegaly, followed by a meningo-encephalitic stage characterized by neurologic involvement (sleep disturbances, psychiatric disorders, seizures) that progresses, in the absence of treatment, towards a fatal meningoencephalitis.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1152. ISBN 0-7817-7513-2 . ^ Pryse-Phillips, William (2003). ... Oxford University Press US. p. 587. ISBN 0-19-515938-1 . ^ Bradley, Walter George (2004). ... Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 2695. ISBN 0-7817-5777-0 . ^ Miller, Neil R.; Frank Burton Walsh; Valérie Biousse; William Fletcher Hoyt (2005). ... Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1289. ISBN 0-7817-4811-9 . ^ a b Loder, Elizabeth; Dawn A. ... McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 127. ISBN 0-07-105467-7 . ^ G. D. Schott (2007).
State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-5754-0 . ^ Jacobson, Kirsten. 2006. ... The Loss of Sadness . Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-531304-8 . ^ Wilson, Mitchell. 1993. ... The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Sorrow into Depressive Disorder . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531304-8 . Jung, Carl G. [1921] 1971. ... Jung 6). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01813-8 . —— 1966. Two Essays on Analytical Psychology , ( The Collected Works of C. ... Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-5754-0 Winokur, Jon . 2005. Encyclopedia Neurotica.
Neonatal Skin: Structure and Function . CRC Press. pp. 67–. ISBN 978-0-8247-0887-0 . ^ Mariagrazia Stracquadanio; Lilliana Ciotta (20 April 2015). ... A Woman Doctor's Guide to Skin Care: Essential Facts and Information on Keeping Skin Healthy . Hyperion. ISBN 978-0-7868-8100-0 . ^ Sarah Bekaert (2007). ... CUP Archive. pp. 321–. ISBN 978-0-521-22673-8 . ^ Raphael Rubin; David S. ... Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 816–. ISBN 978-0-7817-9516-6 . ^ Andrea Dunaif; R. ... Academic Press. 3 October 1994. pp. 1994–. ISBN 978-0-08-058373-0 . Further reading [ edit ] Shukla, G.
Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-521-88159-3 . ^ Ricardo Azziz (3 July 2007). ... Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 20–. ISBN 978-0-387-69248-7 . ^ Susan Scott Ricci; Terri Kyle (2009). ... Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 213 –. ISBN 978-0-7817-8055-1 . ^ J.P. Lavery; J.S. ... Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 558–. ISBN 978-0-7817-3894-1 . ^ Cynthia Feucht; Donald E. ... ISBN 978-3-11-025570-6 . ^ Merril D. Smith (8 September 2014). Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast .
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology . (10th ed.). Saunders. Page 588. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0 . ^ a b Habif, Thomas P. Clinical Dermatology: A Color Guide to Diagnosis and Therapy. Mosby, Inc. 2004. Page 825. ISBN 0-323-01319-8 . ^ Goldberg, LH; Ar, Altman (1985). ... Manual of Skin Diseases. Lippincott . 1985. Page 315. ISBN 0-397-50668-6 . ^ Kuo, HW; Yang, CH. (2003). ... Louis: Mosby. p. 1620. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0 . ^ a b Wolff and Johnson. Fitzpatrick's Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology. The McGraw-Hill Companies. 2005. Page 192. ISBN 0-07-144019-4 . ^ Bekhor, Philip (11 Sep 2006).
Gout affects 1% of individuals in Western populations at some point in their lives. [7] Trauma [ edit ] Trauma from ligamentous , osseous or meniscal injuries can result in an effusion. [8] These are often hemarthrosis or bloody effusions. ... Pediatr Emerg Care . 25 (11): 773–86, quiz 787–8. doi : 10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181bec987 . ... Philadelphia, PA: Mosby/Elsevier. p. Chapter 53. ISBN 978-0-323-05472-0 . ^ Flynn, John A.; Choi, Michael J.; Wooster, L. ... Philadelphia, PA: Mosby/Elsevier. p. Chapter 134. ISBN 978-0-323-05472-0 . ^ Chen LX, Schumacher HR (October 2008). ... "Acute knee effusions: a systematic approach to diagnosis". Am Fam Physician . 61 (8): 2391–400. PMID 10794580 . ^ "A to Z: Joint Effusion" .
Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1150. ISBN 0-7817-2655-7 . Retrieved 2008-06-16 . ^ a b c d e f Scalea TM (2005). ... Boca Raton: CRC. pp. 26–32. ISBN 978-0-8493-8138-6 . Retrieved 2008-07-06 . ^ a b Porth, Carol (2007). ... Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 838. ISBN 978-0-7817-7087-3 . Retrieved 2008-07-03 . ^ Pitkänen A, McIntosh TK (2006). ... Neurotrauma: New Insights Into Pathology and Treatment . Elsevier. pp. 13–19. ISBN 978-0-444-53017-2 . Retrieved 2008-06-10 . ^ a b Granacher RP (2007). ... Neuroscience . 101 (2): 289–95. doi : 10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00380-8 . PMID 11074152 . S2CID 20457228 . ^ Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EE, et al.
A Dorling Kindersley Book. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-75-133383-1 . ^ a b Manfred Oehmichen; Roland N. ... American Psychiatric Pub. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-89042-385-1 . ^ Bost C, Pascual O, Honnorat J (2016). ... Harrison's Neurology in Clinical Medicine (3rd ed.). p. 438. ISBN 978-0-07-181501-7 . ^ Benjamin J. Sadock; Virginia A. ... Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-7817-8746-8 . ^ " encephalopathy " at Dorland's Medical Dictionary Adapted from: Office of Communications and Public Liaison (9 November 2010). ... Further reading [ edit ] The Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma by Plum and Posner, ISBN 0-19-513898-8 , remains one of the best detailed observational references to the condition.
Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Structure 4 Treatment 5 Prognosis 6 Epidemiology 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Cervical polyps often show no symptoms. [2] Where there are symptoms, they include intermenstrual bleeding, abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding ( menorrhagia ), vaginal bleeding in post- menopausal women, bleeding after sex and thick white vaginal or yellowish discharge ( leukorrhoea ). [3] [4] [5] [6] Cause [ edit ] The cause of cervical polyps is uncertain, but they are often associated with inflammation of the cervix. [7] They may also occur as a result of raised levels of estrogen or clogged cervical blood vessels. [3] Diagnosis [ edit ] Cervical polyps can be seen during a pelvic examination as red or purple projections from the cervical canal . [3] Diagnosis can be confirmed by a cervical biopsy which will reveal the nature of the cells present. [3] Structure [ edit ] Cervical polyps are finger-like growths, generally less than 1 cm in diameter. [3] [4] They are generally bright red in colour, with a spongy texture. [2] They may be attached to the cervix by a stalk (pedunculated) and occasionally prolapse into the vagina where they can be mistaken for endometrial polyps or submucosal fibroids . [4] Treatment [ edit ] Cervical polyps can be removed using ring forceps . [8] They can also be removed by tying surgical string around the polyp and cutting it off. [3] The remaining base of the polyp can then be removed using a laser or by cauterisation . [3] If the polyp is infected, an antibiotic may be prescribed. [3] Prognosis [ edit ] 99% of cervical polyps will remain benign and 1% will at some point show neoplastic change. [9] Cervical polyps are unlikely to regrow. [3] Epidemiology [ edit ] Cervical polyps are most common in women who have had children and perimenopausal women. [2] They are rare in pre-menstrual girls and uncommon in post-menopausal women. [6] See also [ edit ] Endometrial polyp References [ edit ] ^ Boon, Mathilde E.; Albert J. ... Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 254–256. ISBN 0-7817-3905-5 . ^ a b c d e f g h i Smith, Melanie N. (2006-05-10). ... Cambridge University Press . p. 77. ISBN 1-900151-51-0 . ^ Papadakis, Maxine A.; Stephen J. ... McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 60. ISBN 0-07-145892-1 . ^ a b Bosze, Peter; David M. ... Informa Health Care. p. 66. ISBN 963-00-7356-0 . ^ "Cervical Polyps" (PDF) .
Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 245 ff. ISBN 978-0-19-533955-0 . ^ Alan Rosen (18 October 2010). ... Man's Search for Meaning . Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1428-8 . ^ Elliott, Jane (Summer 2013). ... Holocaust Memorial Museum. ISBN 978-0-89604-700-6 . ^ S. Kühl (7 August 2013). ... Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 142–. ISBN 978-0-8078-6160-8 . ^ Peter Hayes (17 January 2017). ... Cambridge University Press. pp. 161 –. ISBN 978-0-521-39802-2 .
Behavior Genetics (2004), pp. 34 , 75-84, cited in Nolan-Hoeksema, Abnormal Psychology (6th. ed.), pp. 273, McGraw Hill Education (2014)". ISBN 978-0-07-803538-8 . ^ Sederer, Lloyd I. (2009). ... Abnormal Psychology (6th. ed.). McGraw Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-803538-8 . ^ Millon et al. 2004 . ^ Millon 2006 . ... American Psychiatric Press. pp. 995–8. ISBN 978-0-88048-859-4 . Gjerde, L. ... Diagnosis and Treatment of the Personality Disorders . Ishiyaku EuroAmerica. ISBN 978-0-912791-89-0 . Ellison, J. M.; Adler, D. ... Psychopharmacology and Psychotherapy: Strategies for Maximizing Treatment Outcomes . Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-87630-787-8 . Stone, Michael H. (1993).
John Wiley & Sons. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-470-06638-6 . ^ Ann-Louise Shapiro (1996). ... Stanford University Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-8047-2693-0 . ^ Daniel Hack Tuke (1892). ... Cornell University Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-8014-4410-1 . ^ Anthony J. Close (1990). ... Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 338. ISBN 0-15-662769-8 . ^ Richard A Clarke (2004). ... McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 226. ISBN 0-8442-8393-2 . ^ Susan Bordo (1996).
