Avoid and exclude mosquitoes Limit exposure to mosquitoes by: Repairing any tears in the screens on windows, doors and camping gear Using mosquito netting over strollers and cribs Using mosquito netting when sleeping outdoors Selecting self-care products that don't have scents Use insect repellent Use insect repellent when mosquitoes are active. ... Some sporting goods stores sell clothing pretreated with permethrin. Don't wash bed nets or set them in sunlight, as this breaks down permethrin.
This autosomal dominant subtype was originally designated zygodactyly (e.g., Weidenreich, 1924, Penrose, 1946), although it later became accepted to use the term zygodactyly for type I syndactyly in general.
A rare non-syndromic syndactyly characterized by complete or partial webbing between the 3rd and 4th fingers and/or the 2nd and 3rd toes. Other digits may be involved occasionally. The phenotype varies widely within and between families, sometimes only the hands are affected and sometimes only the feet. Webbing between fingers may be associated with bony fusion of the distal phalanges.
Syndactyly type 1 is a congenital limb developmental defect that involves webbing or joining of the fingers or toes. Syndactyly type 1 is the most common type of non-syndromic syndactyly . Individuals with syndactyly type 1 have webbing of the third and fourth fingers and/or between the second and third toes. Other digits may be involved, as well as the underlying bones. There are four different subtypes of syndactyly type 1, differentiated by slightly different hand and foot symptoms. Syndactyly type 1 may be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and is suspected to be caused by a gene mutation on the long (q) arm of chromosome 2 between 2q34 and 2q36.
. ^ In the WHO classification, it is noted that the infection classification "Excludes:... infective dermatitis...". See the WHO classification, op. cit. ^ Skin inflammation due to skin infection is called "infective dermatitis". See the WHO classifications, op. cit. ^ Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators (22 August 2015).
Rickettsialpox Rickettsialpox lesion Specialty Infectious disease Prognosis Resolves in 2-3 weeks without treatment Rickettsialpox is a mite-borne infectious illness caused by bacteria of the genus Rickettsia ( Rickettsia akari ). [1] Physician Robert Huebner and self-trained entomologist Charles Pomerantz played major roles in identifying the cause of the disease after an outbreak in 1946 in a New York City apartment complex, documented in "The Alerting of Mr. ... Physicians who had seen patients starting in early 1946 had assumed that they were dealing with an atypical form of chickenpox , but the realization was made that they were dealing with a localized epidemic of unknown origins starting in the summer of that year. ... Health Service Roots Out Cause of Spotted Ailment That Struck in Queens NO CURE IS FOUND AS YET Victim Made Ill by Bite of Insect--Weinstein Urges War on Rodents Some Removed to Hospitals Blood of Patients Sampled" , The New York Times , October 4, 1946. Accessed July 23, 2009. ^ Parola, Philippe.
A rare, acquired, self-limiting, infectious disease due to the mite-borne bacteria Rickettsia akari characterized by an asymptomatic, 0.5 to 2 cm in diameter papulovesicle that typically ulcerates and forms an eschar, followed by a generalized papulovesicular rash associating variable constitutional symptoms, such as localized lymphadenopathy, fever, malaise, and headaches. Additonal symptoms may include diaphoresis, myalgia and, less frequently, rhinorrhea, pharyngitis, nausea, vomiting, splenomegaly, conjunctival hyperemia, and abdominal pain. Systemic symtoms resolve within 6-10 days.
The affected phenotype in each family conformed both to organophosphorous (OP) compound-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) and to Troyer syndrome (275900), an autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia associated with distal muscle wasting.
This syndrome is characterised by progressive spastic paraplegia and distal muscle wasting. Epidemiology So far, it has been described in two families. Etiology All affected individuals carried mutations in the neuropathy target esterase ( NTE ) gene, encoding a neural membrane protein.
Whether the whorl in the scalp hair of the occipital area shows clockwise or counterclockwise rotation is genetically determined. Bernstein (1946) suggested that clockwise direction is dominant to counterclockwise direction.
Inheritance Report of large kindreds such as that of Bhalla et al. (1979) in which there are no associated features or lateral cervical sinuses suggests that the trait is a distinct mendelian dominant. Population Genetics Ewing (1946) found ear pits in 0.9% of 3,500 British service men.
Many later swore they were threatened and beaten during questioning. Government agents cast a wide net, bringing in some American citizens, passers-by who admitted being Russian, some not members of the Russian Workers. ... Hoover later admitted "clear cases of brutality." [17] The raids covered more than 30 cities and towns in 23 states, but those west of the Mississippi and south of the Ohio were "publicity gestures" designed to make the effort appear nationwide in scope. [18] Because the raids targeted entire organizations, agents arrested everyone found in organization meeting halls, not only arresting non-radical organization members but also visitors who did not belong to a target organization, and sometimes American citizens not eligible for arrest and deportation. [19] The Department of Justice at one point claimed to have taken possession of several bombs, but after a few iron balls were displayed to the press they were never mentioned again. All the raids netted a total of just four ordinary pistols. [20] While most press coverage continued to be positive, with criticism only from leftist publications like The Nation and The New Republic , one attorney raised the first noteworthy protest. ... Mitchell Palmer: Politician (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963) Daniels, Josephus, The Wilson Era: Years of War and After, 1917–1923 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1946) Dunn, Robert W. The Palmer Raids .
The jaw has an unusually square appearance in this condition. The cases of Kelley and Lawlah (1946) and of Witkop (1965) were from an inbred triracial group in southern Maryland known as the 'We-Sorts.' ... Affected sibs were observed by Hirsch (1929), Falconer and Ryrie (1937), Higinbotham and Alexander (1941), Kelley and Lawlah (1946), Truswell (1958) and Klintworth (1963).
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that sclerosteosis-2 (SOST2) is caused by heterozygous or homozygous mutation in the LRP4 gene (604270) on chromosome 11p11. Description Sclerosteosis is a severe sclerosing bone dysplasia characterized by progressive skeletal overgrowth. Syndactyly is a variable manifestation. The disorder is rare and the majority of affected individuals have been reported in the Afrikaner population of South Africa (summary by Brunkow et al., 2001). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of sclerosteosis, see SOST1 (269500). Clinical Features Bueno et al. (1994) described a 17-year-old Spanish patient with sclerosteosis.
Sclerosteosis is a very rare serious sclerosing hyperostosis syndrome characterized clinically by variable syndactyly and progressive skeletal overgrowth (particularly of the skull), resulting in distinctive facial features (mandibular overgrowth, frontal bossing, midfacial hypoplasia), cranial nerve entrapment causing facial palsy and deafness, and potentially lethal elevation of intracranial pressure.
Disorder characterized by excessive bone formation Sclerosteosis is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by bone overgrowth. It was first described in 1958 [1] [2] but given the current name in 1967. [3] Excessive bone formation is most prominent in the skull , mandible and tubular bones. [1] It can cause facial distortion and syndactyly . [1] Increased intracranial pressure can cause sudden death in patients. [1] It is a rare disorder that is most prominent in the Afrikaner population in South Africa (40 patients), but there have also been cases of American and Brazilian families. [1] Cause [ edit ] Sclerosteosis is caused by mutations in the gene that encode for the sclerostin protein. References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e Balemans W, Ebeling M, Patel N, Van Hul E, Olson P, Dioszegi M, Lacza C, Wuyts W, Van Den Ende J, Willems P, Paes-Alves AF, Hill S, Bueno M, Ramos FJ, Tacconi P, Dikkers FG, Stratakis C, Lindpaintner K, Vickery B, Foernzler D, Van Hul W (Mar 2001). "Increased bone density in sclerosteosis is due to the deficiency of a novel secreted protein (SOST)" . Human Molecular Genetics . 10 (5): 537–43. doi : 10.1093/hmg/10.5.537 .
Clinical Features Divry and Van Bogaert (1946) described brothers who presented with epilepsy, pseudobulbar syndrome, extrapyramidal signs, dementia, hemianopsia, and 'marbled skin' resulting from a telangiectatic network.
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because visceral heterotaxy-5 (HTX5) is caused by heterozygous mutation in the NODAL gene (601265) on chromosome 10q22. Description Heterotaxy ('heter' meaning 'other' and 'taxy' meaning 'arrangement'), or situs ambiguus, is a developmental condition characterized by randomization of the placement of visceral organs, including the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and stomach. The organs are oriented randomly with respect to the left-right axis and with respect to one another (Srivastava, 1997). Heterotaxy is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of visceral heterotaxy, see HTX1 (306955). Clinical Features Zlotogora et al. (1987) described a family in which 4 out of 7 children had situs inversus and/or congenital heart disease; more specifically, 3 had situs inversus with a normal heart in one and 3 had heart defects with normal organ orientation in one.
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because X-linked heterotaxy-1 (HTX1) and multiple types of congenital heart defects-1 (CHTD1) are caused by mutation in the ZIC3 gene (300265) on chromosome Xq26. Mutation in the ZIC3 gene can also cause VACTERL with or without hydrocephalus (VACTERLX; 314390), a disorder with overlapping features. Description Heterotaxy Heterotaxy ('heter' meaning 'other' and 'taxy' meaning 'arrangement'), or situs ambiguus, is a developmental condition characterized by randomization of the placement of visceral organs, including the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and stomach. The organs are oriented randomly with respect to the left-right axis and with respect to one another (Srivastava, 1997). Heterotaxy is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. Multiple Types of Congenital Heart Defects Congenital heart defects (CHTD) are among the most common congenital defects, occurring with an incidence of 8/1,000 live births.
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because visceral heterotaxy-4 (HTX4) is caused by heterozygous mutation in the ACVR2B gene (602730). Description Heterotaxy ('heter' meaning 'other' and 'taxy' meaning 'arrangement'), or situs ambiguus, is a developmental condition characterized by randomization of the placement of visceral organs, including the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and stomach. The organs are oriented randomly with respect to the left-right axis and with respect to one another (Srivastava, 1997). Heterotaxy is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. For a discussion of the genetic heterogeneity of visceral heterotaxy, see HTX1 (306955). Clinical Features Kosaki et al. (1999) reported 3 unrelated patients with left-right axis malformations.
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that autosomal visceral heterotaxy-8 (HTX8) is caused by homozygous mutation in the PKD1L1 gene (609721) on chromosome 7p12. Description Autosomal visceral heterotaxy-8 is an autosomal recessive developmental disorder characterized by visceral situs inversus associated with complex congenital heart malformations caused by defects in the normal left-right asymmetric positioning of internal organs (summary by Vetrini et al., 2016). For a discussion of the genetic heterogeneity of visceral heterotaxy, see HTX1 (306955). Clinical Features Vetrini et al. (2016) reported 2 male infants, born of unrelated parents of northern European descent, with heterotaxy and complex congenital heart disease resulting in death shortly after birth and at age 3 weeks. In 1 infant, the abnormalities were apparent on prenatal ultrasound at 21 weeks' gestation.
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that autosomal visceral heterotaxy-7 (HTX7) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the MMP21 gene (608416) on chromosome 10q26. Description Autosomal visceral heterotaxy-7 is an autosomal recessive developmental disorder characterized by complex congenital heart malformations and/or situs inversus and caused by defects in the normal left-right asymmetric positioning of internal organs. The phenotype is variable (summary by Guimier et al., 2015). For a discussion of the genetic heterogeneity of visceral heterotaxy, see HTX1 (306955). Clinical Features Perles et al. (2015) reported 3 sibs, born of consanguineous parents, with a congenital laterality disorder. One patient presented with cyanosis at age 3 months and was found to have dextrocardia with atrial situs inversus, complete atrioventricular canal defect, transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and pulmonary atresia with a duct-like aortopulmonary collateral.
An autosomal form of visceral heterotaxy, designated HTX3, has been mapped to chromosome 6q21. Description Heterotaxy ('heter' meaning 'other' and 'taxy' meaning 'arrangement'), or situs ambiguus, is a developmental condition characterized by randomization of the placement of visceral organs, including the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and stomach. The organs are oriented randomly with respect to the left-right axis and with respect to one another (Srivastava, 1997). Heterotaxy is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. For a discussion of the genetic heterogeneity of visceral heterotaxy, see HTX1 (306955). Clinical Features Peeters et al. (2001) reported a patient in whom routine ultrasound examination at gestational age 28 weeks had shown atrioventricular septal defect and abdominal situs inversus.
Clinical Features Heterotaxy results from failure to establish normal left-right (L-R) asymmetry during embryonic development. Other than X-linked visceral heterotaxy (306955), most familial cases are thought to be autosomal recessive. Casey et al. (1996) identified a family in which 4 individuals from 3 generations showed laterality defects. Two had complete reversal of normal laterality (situs inversus) (270100), while 2 others had asplenia, midline liver, and complex cardiac malformations (situs ambiguus). Two obligate gene carriers were anatomically normal (situs solitus). Male-to-male transmission confirmed autosomal inheritance.
Heterotaxia (coming from the Greek 'heteros' meaning different and 'taxis' meaning arrangement) is the right/left transposition of thoracic and/or abdominal organs. It encompasses a wide variety of disorders since there are multiple possibilities of right/left reversals, which may be complete ( situs inversus totalis or situs inversus i.e. all the organs normally found on the right are on the left and vice versa) or partial (incomplete situs inversus i.e. a limited number of organs are inversed - or situs inversus ambiguous i.e. a normally lateral organ is centrally located). Epidemiology The incidence of all lateralization defects is approximately 1/15 000. Clinical description The severity of malformations is highly variable among members of a family. Complete situs inversus is not, in itself, a problem. On the contrary, partial situs inversus can be associated with any type of cardiac malformation, as well as renal, biliary, midline anomalies, etc .
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that visceral heterotaxy-2 (HTX2) is caused by heterozygous mutation in the CFC1 gene (605194) on chromosome 2q21. Description Heterotaxy ('heter' meaning 'other' and 'taxy' meaning 'arrangement'), or situs ambiguus, is a developmental condition characterized by randomization of the placement of visceral organs, including the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and stomach. The organs are oriented randomly with respect to the left-right axis and with respect to one another (Srivastava, 1997). Heterotaxy is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. For a discussion of the genetic heterogeneity of visceral heterotaxy, see HTX1 (306955). Clinical Features Bamford et al. (2000) reported 3 unrelated patients with laterality defects.
People magazine covered the pre- and post- op experience. Erica told People the decision to get surgery wasn’t easy, but that she had a “new body” and was “floored” at the postoperative results. [8] [9] TLC Skin Tight TV Show [ edit ] TLC Skin Tight was a TV show with each episode following “two people who have lost massive amounts of weight and are about to undergo a full body transformation through skin removal surgery.” [10] “It’s not unusual, says the show, for there to be “up to 50 pounds” of sagging skin following massive weight loss.
However, BRA is often referred to as classic Potter sequence , as it was this particular phenotype of neonates and fetuses that Potter originally reported in her 1946 manuscripts when characterizing this birth defect. ... Her parents kept her on kidney dialysis at home until old enough for a kidney transplant. [10] On February 8, 2016, at the age of two, Abigail received a kidney from her father at the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford in California. [11] [12] [13] History [ edit ] Bilateral renal agenesis (BRA) was first recognized as a defect of human fetal development in 1671 by Wolfstrigel. [14] In 1946, Edith Potter (1901–1993) described a series of 20 cases with absent kidneys, noting the characteristic appearance of the head and lungs. [15] [16] Up until this time, the condition itself was considered to be extremely rare. ... It was not until later that the term became more encompassing as it was noted that other causes of failed fetal urine production also resulted in similar physical characteristics and prognoses of the fetuses and infants with BRA (that which Potter originally described in 1946). Since then, the term Potter syndrome has become a misnomer and experts have attempted not to eliminate the terminology, but to modify it in a way so as to be able to determine the different root causes by creating a nomenclature system. ... PMID 10672944 . ^ a b POTTER, EL (June 1946). "Facial characteristics of infants with bilateral renal agenesis".
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that renal hypodysplasia/aplasia-2 (RHDA2) is caused by homozygous mutation in the FGF20 gene (605558) on chromosome 8p22. One such family has been reported. Description Renal hypodysplasia/aplasia belongs to a group of perinatally lethal renal diseases, including bilateral renal aplasia, unilateral renal agenesis with contralateral dysplasia (URA/RD), and severe obstructive uropathy. Renal aplasia falls at the most severe end of the spectrum of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT; 610805), and usually results in death in utero or in the perinatal period. Families have been documented in which bilateral renal agenesis or aplasia coexists with unilateral renal aplasia, renal dysplasia, or renal aplasia with renal dysplasia, suggesting that these conditions may belong to a pathogenic continuum or phenotypic spectrum (summary by Joss et al., 2003; Humbert et al., 2014). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of renal hypodysplasia/aplasia, see RHDA1 (191830).
A form of renal agenesis characterized by complete absence of kidney development, absent ureters and subsequent absence of fetal renal function resulting in Potter sequence with pulmonary hypoplasia related to oligohydramnios, which is fatal shortly after birth.
This association was described by Potter (1946) in newborns with bilateral renal agenesis or other kidney abnormalities, including renal aplasia, dysplasia, hypoplasia, or multicystic disease.
A rare, congenital renal tract malformation characterized by the complete absence of development of one or both kidneys (unilateral or bilateral renal agenesis respectively), accompanied by absent ureter(s). Epidemiology The birth prevalence of unilateral renal agenesis (RA) is estimated at around 1/2,000. Fetal prevalence of bilateral renal agenesis in Europe has been estimated at 1/8,500. Clinical description Most patients with unilateral RA are asymptomatic early in life if the other kidney is fully functional in which case the condition is commonly detected as an incidental finding later in life. However, hypertension, proteinuria and renal failure may develop in the long run (20-50% of cases at the age of 30).
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that renal hypodysplasia/aplasia-3 (RHDA3) is caused by heterozygous mutation in the GREB1L gene (617782) on chromosome 18q11. Description RHDA3 is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by abnormal kidney development beginning in utero. The phenotype is highly variable, even within families, and there is evidence for incomplete penetrance. Some affected individuals have bilateral renal agenesis, which is usually fatal in utero or in the perinatal period, whereas others may have unilateral agenesis that is compatible with life, or milder manifestations, such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Female mutation carriers may also have uterine or ovarian abnormalities.
Potter sequence refers to a group of features that can result when there is too little amniotic fluid ( oligohydramnios ) surrounding a baby while in the uterus . This can cause distinct facial features (Potter facies), which may include a flattened nose, recessed chin, skin folds covering the corners of the eyes ( epicanthal folds ), and low-set abnormal ears. Having low amniotic fluid can also result in underdevelopment of the lungs ( pulmonary hypoplasia ). Other associated features may include eye malformations and heart defects. There are various causes of Potter sequence including failure of the kidneys to develop ( bilateral renal agenesis ), polycystic kidney diseases , prune belly syndrome, rupture of membranes surrounding the baby, and other kidney abnormalities.
Others, again, might be swept into the widespread net of dementia praecox . This state of affairs cannot be regarded as satisfactory, for they are not truly cases of melancholia, paranoia, dementia praecox or any other described affection.
] and the use of large-bore tubes inserted into the esophagus to forcefully lavage it. [17] [ unreliable medical source? ] Endoscopic [ edit ] The Roth net can be inserted through the endoscope to remove pieces of the obstructed food. ... Traditional endoscopic techniques involved the use of an overtube, a plastic tube inserted into the esophagus prior to the removal of the food bolus, in order to reduce the risk of aspiration into the lungs at the time of endoscopy. [7] However, the "push technique", which involves insufflating air into the esophagus, and gently pushing the bolus toward the stomach instead, has emerged as a common and safe way of removing the obstruction. [7] [18] Other tools may be used to remove food boluses. The Roth Net is a mesh net that can be inserted through the endoscope, and opened and closed from the outside; it can be used to retrieve pieces of obstructed food.
Depending on the mosquito vector, and the affected community, a variety of prevention methods may be deployed at one time. Insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying [ edit ] The use of insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITNs) are at the forefront of preventing mosquito bites that cause malaria. ... Because the Anopheles gambiae feeds indoors (endophagic) and rests indoors after feeding (endophilic), insecticide treated nets (ITNs) interrupt the mosquito's feeding pattern. The ITNs continue to offer protection, even after there are holes in the nets, because of their excito-repellency properties which reduce the number of mosquitoes that enter the home. ... Infected individuals should avoid mosquito exposure by staying indoors or using a mosquito net . [34] Dengue fever [ edit ] Dengue infection's therapeutic management is simple, cost effective and successful in saving lives by adequately performing timely institutionalized interventions. ... "The Impact of Pyrethroid Resistance on the Efficacy of Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets against African Anopheline Mosquitoes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" .
In Dogger Bank itch, sensitivity is acquired after repeated handling of the sea chervils that become entangled in fishing nets. [ citation needed ] The specific toxin responsible for the rash was determined to be the sulfur -bearing salt (2-hydroxyethyl) dimethylsulfoxonium chloride. [3] This salt is also found in some sea sponges and has potent in vitro activity against leukemia cells. [4] Treatment [ edit ] A study of two cases in 2001 suggests that the rash responds to oral ciclosporin . ... The sea chervil, abundant in the area, frequently came up with the fishing nets and had to be thrown back into the water.
Evidence for both an increased rate of uric acid synthesis and an impaired net elimination of uric acid by the kidney has been advanced. ... Autosomal dominant form Lab - Increased rate of uric acid synthesis - Impaired net elimination of uric acid by the kidney - Hyperuricemia Skin - Urate tophi ▲ Close