Many followers of Buddhism observe a code of conduct known as the five precepts , of which the fifth precept is an undertaking to refrain from the consumption of intoxicating substances [62] (except for medical reasons). [63] In the bodhisattva vows of the Brahma Net Sūtra , observed by Mahāyāna Buddhist communities, distribution of intoxicants is likewise discouraged, as well as consumption. [64] In the branch of Hinduism known as Gaudiya Vaishnavism , one of the four regulative principles forbids the taking of intoxicants, including alcohol.
The balance of vasodilation and vasoconstriction becomes off-balance and the net result is vasoconstriction. The damaged endothelium then serves as a point of origin for blood clot formation and further contributes to ischaemia - reperfusion injury and the generation of reactive oxygen species .
Scleroderma is a rare autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of the skin and, sometimes, other organs. It is classified into two main forms: localized scleroderma and systemic sclerosis (SSc), the latter comprising three subsets; diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc), limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and limited SSc (lSSc) (see these terms). Epidemiology The prevalence is estimated at around 1-9/100,000 for localized scleroderma, and 1/6,500 adults for systemic sclerosis. Women are predominantly affected (F/M sex ratio around 4:1). Clinical description Localized scleroderma is the cutaneous form of scleroderma characterized by fibrosis of the skin causing cutaneous plaques (morphea) or strips (linear scleroderma). Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a generalized disorder characterized by fibrosis and vascular obliteration in the skin and organs, particularly, lungs, heart, and digestive tract.
Overview Scleroderma (sklair-oh-DUR-muh), also known as systemic sclerosis, is a group of rare diseases that involve the hardening and tightening of the skin. It may also cause problems in the blood vessels, internal organs and digestive tract. Scleroderma is often categorized as "limited" or "diffuse," which refers only to the degree of skin involvement. Both types can involve any of the other vascular or organ problems. Localized scleroderma, also known as morphea, affects only the skin. While there is no cure for scleroderma, treatments can ease symptoms, slow progression and improve quality of life.
Although tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia both result in a similar need for dose escalation to receive the same level of effect to treat pain, they are nevertheless caused by two distinct mechanisms. [10] The similar net effect makes the two phenomena difficult to distinguish in a clinical setting.
Oral hygiene [ edit ] Studies showed that the net reduction of oral bacteria was associated with a decrease in both incidence of aspiration pneumonia as well as mortality from aspiration pneumonia. [21] One broad method of decreasing the number of bacteria in the mouth involves the use of antimicrobials, ranging from topical antibiotics to intravenous antibiotic use. [21] Whereas the use of antibiotics focuses on destroying and hindering the growth of bacteria, mechanical removal of oral bacteria by a dental professional also plays a key role in reducing the bacterial burden. [21] By reducing the amount of bacteria in the mouth, the likelihood of infection when aspiration occurs is reduced as well. [21] For people who are critically ill that require a feeding tube, there is evidence suggesting that the risk of aspiration pneumonia may be reduced by inserting the feeding tube into the duodenum or the jejunum (post-pyloric feeding), when compared to inserting the feeding tube into the stomach ( gastric feeding ). [8] Enhanced swallow [ edit ] Many people at risk for aspiration pneumonia have an impaired swallowing mechanism, which may increase the chance of aspiration of food particles with meals. [21] There is some evidence to indicate that training of various parts of the body involved in the act of swallowing, including the tongue and lips, may reduce episodes of aspiration and aspiration pneumonia; however, further research is required to confirm this benefit. [21] Other simple actions during feeding can improve the swallowing capability of a person and thus reduce the risk of aspiration, including changes in position and feeding assistance. [22] After surgery [ edit ] Many instances of aspiration occur during surgical operations, especially during anesthesia induction. [23] The administration of anesthesia causes suppression of protective reflexes, most importantly the gag reflex.
Chemical pneumonitis or aspiration pneumonitis caused by aspiration during anaesthesia Mendelson's syndrome Specialty Respirology Mendelson's syndrome is chemical pneumonitis or aspiration pneumonitis caused by aspiration during anaesthesia , especially during pregnancy . Aspiration contents may include gastric juice, blood, bile, water or an association of them. [1] Contents 1 Presentation 2 Risk factors 3 Eponym 4 References 5 External links Presentation [ edit ] Mendelson's syndrome is characterised by a bronchopulmonary reaction following aspiration of gastric contents during general anaesthesia due to abolition of the laryngeal reflexes. The main clinical features are signs of general hypoxia , two to five hours after anaesthesia. Such features may include cyanosis, dyspnea, fever, pulmonary wheeze, crepitant rales, rhonchi, and tachycardia with a low blood pressure. Decreased arterial oxygen tension is also likely to be evident. Pulmonary edema can cause sudden death or death may occur later from pulmonary complications. [ citation needed ] Risk factors [ edit ] Historically it is said that a patient is at risk if they have: [2] Residual gastric volume of greater than 25ml, with pH of less than 2.5 However these are indirect measurements and are not factors that directly influence aspiration risk. [2] Patients with a high risk should have a rapid sequence induction .
Infection caused by the Chikungunya virus Chikungunya Rash from chikungunya Pronunciation / ˌ tʃ ɪ k ən ˈ ɡ ʌ n j ə / [1] CHIK -ən- GUN -yə Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Fever , joint pain [2] Complications Long term joint pain [2] Usual onset 2 to 12 days after exposure [3] Duration Usually less than a week [2] Causes Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) spread by mosquitoes [3] Diagnostic method Blood test for viral RNA or antibodies [3] Differential diagnosis Dengue fever , Zika fever [3] Prevention Mosquito control , avoidance of bites [4] Treatment Supportive care [3] Prognosis Risk of death ~ 1 in 1,000 [4] Frequency > 1 million (2014) [3] Chikungunya is an infection caused by the Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ). [3] Symptoms include fever and joint pains . [2] These typically occur two to twelve days after exposure. [3] Other symptoms may include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, and a rash. [2] Symptoms usually improve within a week; however, occasionally the joint pain may last for months or years. [2] [5] The risk of death is around 1 in 1,000. [4] The very young, old, and those with other health problems are at risk of more severe disease. [2] The virus is spread between people by two types of mosquitos : Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti . [3] They mainly bite during the day. [6] The virus may circulate within a number of animals including birds and rodents . [3] Diagnosis is by either testing the blood for the virus's RNA or antibodies to the virus. [3] The symptoms can be mistaken for those of dengue fever and Zika fever . [3] It is believed most people become immune after a single infection. [2] The best means of prevention is overall mosquito control and the avoidance of bites in areas where the disease is common. [4] This may be partly achieved by decreasing mosquitoes' access to water and with the use of insect repellent and mosquito nets . [3] There is no vaccine and no specific treatment as of 2016. [3] Recommendations include rest, fluids, and medications to help with fever and joint pain. [2] [3] While the disease typically occurs in Africa and Asia, outbreaks have been reported in Europe and the Americas since the 2000s. [3] In 2014 more than a million suspected cases occurred. [3] In 2014 it was occurring in Florida in the continental United States but as of 2016 there were no further locally acquired cases. [7] [8] The disease was first identified in 1952 in Tanzania . [3] The term is from the Kimakonde language and means "to become contorted". [3] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Chronic disease 2 Cause 2.1 Virology 2.2 Transmission 3 Mechanism 3.1 Viral replication 4 Diagnosis 5 Prevention 5.1 Vaccine 6 Treatment 6.1 Chronic arthritis 7 Prognosis 8 Epidemiology 9 History 10 Biological weapon 11 Research 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] The incubation period ranges from one to twelve days, and is most typically three to seven. [9] 72% to 97% of those infected will develop symptoms. [9] Characteristic symptoms include sudden onset, combining high fever, joint pain , and rash .
A rare infectious disease characterized by acute onset of high fever associated with debilitating polyarthralgia and usually accompanied by an erythematous skin rash (that may progress to vesiculobullous lesions in children) caused by the mosquitoe-borne Chikungunya virus. Myalgia, severe headache, and lymphadenopathy are frequently associated. Chronically the disease may cause recurrent, long-term polyarthralgia, arthritis, fatigue, and depression.
Freedom of religion Concepts Religious discrimination Religious censorship Separation of church and state Anti-clericalism School prayer Catholic priests in public office Confessionalism Theocracy State religion Secular state Confessional state Atheist state Status by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros DR Congo Egypt Mauritania Morocco South Africa Sudan Tanzania North and South America Brazil Canada Colombia Ecuador Guyana Panama Paraguay United States Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Northern Cyprus Georgia India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Pakistan Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Northern Cyprus France Georgia Germany Italy Montenegro North Macedonia Norway Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Middle East Bahrain Egypt Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestinian territories Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria UAE Yemen Oceania Australia Religious persecution Traditional African religion Atheism Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Christianity Anti-Christian sentiment Anti-Catholicism Anti-Mormonism Anti-Jehovah's Witness Anti-Eastern Orthodox sentiment Anti-Oriental Orthodox sentiment Anti-Protestantism Falun Gong Hinduism ( Hinduphobia ) Islam Sunni Shi'a Ahmadiyya Alevism Sufis Islamophobia Judaism Religious antisemitism Antisemitism Anti-Judaism New religious movements Christian countercult movement Neopaganism Rastafari Zoroastrianism Religion portal v t e Part of a series on Discrimination General forms Age Class ( Caste ) Physical Disability Education Economic Employment Genetics Hair texture Height Housing Language Looks Race / Ethnicity / Nationality Rank Religion Sanity Sex Sexual orientation Size Skin color Specific forms Social Acephobia Adultism Amatonormativity Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-homelessness Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex Anti-left handedness Anti-Masonry Antisemitism (Judeophobia) Aporophobia Audism Biphobia Clannism Cronyism Drug use Elitism Ephebiphobia Fatism Gerontophobia Heteronormativity Heterosexism HIV/AIDS stigma Homophobia Leprosy stigma Lesbophobia Misandry Misogyny Nepotism Pedophobia Perpetual foreigner Pregnancy Reverse Sectarianism Supremacism Black White Transphobia Non-binary Transmisogyny Vegaphobia Xenophobia Religious Ahmadiyya Atheism Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Catholicism Christianity post–Cold War era Druze Falun Gong Hinduism Persecution Islam Persecution Jehovah's Witnesses Judaism Persecution LDS or Mormon Neopaganism Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Copts Protestantism Rastafarianism Shi'ism Sufism Sunnism Zoroastrianism Ethnic/national African Albanian American Arab Armenian Australian Austrian Azerbaijani British Canadian Catalan Chechen Chilean Chinese Croat Dutch English Estonian European Filipino Finnish French Georgian German Greek Haitian Hazara Hispanic Hungarian Igbo Indian Indonesian Iranian Irish Israeli Italian Japanese Jewish Khmer Korean Kurdish Malay Manchu Mexican Middle Eastern Mongolian Montenegrin Pakistani Pashtun Polish Portuguese Quebec Romani Romanian Russian Scottish Serb Slavic Somali Soviet Tatar Thai Tibetan Turkish Ukrainian Venezuelan Vietnamese Western Manifestations Blood libel Bullying Compulsory sterilization Counter-jihad Cultural genocide Defamation Democide Disability hate crime Dog-whistle politics Eliminationism Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnocide Forced conversion Freak show Gay bashing Gendercide Genital modification and mutilation Genocide examples Glass ceiling Hate crime Hate group Hate speech online Homeless dumping Indian rolling Lavender scare LGBT hate crimes Lynching Mortgage Murder music Occupational segregation Persecution Pogrom Purge Red Scare Religious persecution Religious terrorism Religious violence Religious war Scapegoating Segregation academy Sex-selective abortion Slavery Slut-shaming Trans bashing Victimisation Violence against women White flight White power music Wife selling Witch-hunt Policies Age of candidacy Blood purity Blood quantum Crime of apartheid Disabilities Catholic Jewish Ethnocracy Ethnopluralism Gender pay gap Gender roles Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghetto benches Internment Jewish quota Jim Crow laws Law for Protection of the Nation McCarthyism MSM blood donation restrictions Nonpersons Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota) Nuremberg Laws One-drop rule Racial quota Racial steering Redlining Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) Segregation age racial religious sexual Sodomy law State atheism State religion Ugly law Voter suppression Countermeasures Affirmative action Anti-discrimination law Cultural assimilation Cultural pluralism Diversity training Empowerment Feminism Fighting Discrimination Hate speech laws by country Human rights Intersex rights LGBT rights Masculism Multiculturalism Nonviolence Racial integration Reappropriation Self-determination Social integration Toleration Related topics Allophilia Anti-cultural, anti-national, and anti-ethnic terms Bias Christian privilege Civil liberties Cultural assimilation Dehumanization Diversity Ethnic penalty Eugenics Internalized oppression Intersectionality Male privilege Masculism Medical model of disability autism Multiculturalism Net bias Neurodiversity Oikophobia Oppression Police brutality Political correctness Polyculturalism Power distance Prejudice Prisoner abuse Racial bias in criminal news Racism by country Religious intolerance Second-generation gender bias Snobbery Social exclusion Social model of disability Social stigma Stereotype threat The talk White privilege v t e Part of a series on Persecutions of the Catholic Church Overview Historical persecution of Christians Vatican and Eastern Europe 1846–1958 Catholic Church persecutions 1939–1958 Eradication of the Church under Stalinism Eastern Catholic persecutions Persecution of Christians in the modern era Roman Empire Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire Diocletianic Persecution Neo-Persian Empire Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem Byzantine Empire East–West Schism Massacre of the Latins Muslim world Muslim conquests Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Greek genocide Kosheh massacres Saudi Arabia Christianity in Saudi Arabia Sudan Christianity in Sudan Egypt Maspero demonstrations Islamic terrorism Persecution of Christians by ISIL Japan Martyrs of Japan European wars of religion Thirty Years' War France Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution War in the Vendée Mexico Cristero War Iniquis afflictisque Acerba animi Saints José Sánchez del Río Persecution of Christians in Mexico Miguel Pro Spain Umayyad conquest of Hispania Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Red Terror · Dilectissima Nobis Martyrs of Turon Martyrs of Daimiel Bartolomé Blanco Innocencio of Mary Immaculate José María of Manila 233 Spanish Martyrs 498 Spanish Martyrs 522 Spanish Martyrs Netherlands Titus Brandsma Germany Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany Mit brennender Sorge Alfred Delp Alois Grimm Rupert Mayer Bernhard Lichtenberg Max Josef Metzger Karl Leisner Maximilian Kolbe Erich Klausener China Martyr Saints of China Auguste Chapdelaine Persecution of Christians in China Ad Sinarum gentem Cupimus Imprimis Ad Apostolorum principis Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei Beda Chang Dominic Tang Vietnam Vietnamese Martyrs Nguyễn Văn Thuận Ngô Đình Diệm ( Buddhist crisis , Huế Phật Đản shootings , Huế chemical attacks , Double Seven Day scuffle , Xá Lợi Pagoda raids , 1963 South Vietnamese coup , arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm ) Poland Polish anti-religious campaign 1945–1990 Stefan Wyszyński 108 Blessed Polish Martyrs Policies In Poloniae annalibus Gloriosam Reginam Invicti athletae Jerzy Popiełuszko Eastern Europe József Mindszenty Eugene Bossilkov Severian Baranyk Josef Beran Drina Martyrs Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia Zynoviy Kovalyk Aloysius Stepinac Meminisse iuvat Anni sacri Sára Salkaházi Walter Ciszek Pietro Leoni Theodore Romzha India Violence against Christians in India 2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka Nicaragua Miguel Obando y Bravo El Salvador Four U.S. missionaries Ignacio Ellacuría Rutilio Grande Ignacio Martín-Baró Segundo Montes Óscar Romero 1989 murders of Jesuits Nigeria Religious violence in Nigeria Guatemala Stanley Rother United Kingdom Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Irish Catholic Martyrs Dissolution of the Monasteries Penal Laws Cromwellian conquest of Ireland Philippines Lorenzo Ruiz Pedro Calungsod Gomburza North Korea Catholic Church in North Korea Catholicism portal v t e Anti-Catholicism is hostility towards Catholics or opposition to the Catholic Church , its clergy, and/or its adherents. [1] At various points after the Reformation , some majority Protestant states, including England , Prussia , and Scotland made anti-Catholicism and opposition to the Pope and Catholic rituals major political themes, and the anti-Catholic sentiment which resulted from it frequently lead to religious discrimination against Catholic individuals (often derogatorily referred to in Anglophone Protestant countries as " papists " or " Romanists ").
The 1990 edition of the guidelines contained the blanket statement that "wine has no net health benefit" . By 1995, the wording had been changed to allow moderate consumption with meals providing the individual had no other alcohol-related health risk.
Limitations of MCV include cases where the underlying cause is due to a combination of factors – such as iron deficiency (a cause of microcytosis) and vitamin B12 deficiency (a cause of macrocytosis) where the net result can be normocytic cells. [ medical citation needed ] Production vs. destruction or loss [ edit ] The "kinetic" approach to anemia yields arguably the most clinically relevant classification of anemia.
Overview Anemia is a problem of not having enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the body's tissues. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to all other organs in the body. Having anemia can cause tiredness, weakness and shortness of breath. There are many forms of anemia. Each has its own cause. Anemia can be short term or long term. It can range from mild to severe. Anemia can be a warning sign of serious illness. Treatments for anemia might involve taking supplements or having medical procedures.
Part of a series on Communism Concepts Anti-capitalism Class conflict Class consciousness Classless society Collective leadership Collectivism Common ownership Commune Commune (model of government) Communist society Free association From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs Gift economy Market abolitionism Planned economy Proletarian internationalism Labour movement Social revolution Stateless society Wage slavery Workers' self-management World communism World revolution Aspects Communist party List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation List of communist parties Communist revolution Communist state Communist symbolism History of communism Variants Anarchist Marxism Leninist Libertarian Pre-Marxist Utopian Primitive Religious Christian Internationals Communist League First International Second International Third International Fourth International People More Campanella Babeuf Owen Weitling Marx Engels Reclus Kropotkin Malatesta Luxemburg Zetkin Liebknecht Lenin Berkman Goldman Sacco and Vanzetti Trotsky Makhno Kollontai Gramsci Stalin Durruti Pannekoek Pankhurst Reich Togliatti Ho Mao Tito Camus Marcuse Sartre Hoxha Beauvoir Guevara Pasolini Kim Berlinguer Castoriadis Debord Bookchin Castro Marcos By region Colombia France India Kerala Korea Nepal Peru Philippines Poland Russia Sumatra Vietnam Anthem " The Internationale " Related topics Anarchism Social Anti-communism Anti anti-communism Anti-communist mass killings Anti-fascism Anti-globalization movement Capitalism Communitarianism Crimes against humanity under communist regimes ( Mass killings ) Critical theory Internationalism Intentional community Left-wing politics Old Left New Left Marx's theory of alienation National communism Romania Red Scare Revolution Social democracy Socialism Democratic Libertarian Revolutionary Socialist economics Socialist mode of production Syndicalism Trade union War communism Worker cooperative Communism portal v t e Part of a series on Discrimination General forms Age Class ( Caste ) Physical Disability Education Economic Employment Genetics Hair texture Height Housing Language Looks Race / Ethnicity / Nationality Rank Religion Sanity Sex Sexual orientation Size Skin color Specific forms Social Acephobia Adultism Amatonormativity Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-homelessness Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex Anti-left handedness Anti-Masonry Antisemitism (Judeophobia) Aporophobia Audism Biphobia Clannism Cronyism Drug use Elitism Ephebiphobia Fatism Gerontophobia Heteronormativity Heterosexism HIV/AIDS stigma Homophobia Leprosy stigma Lesbophobia Misandry Misogyny Nepotism Pedophobia Perpetual foreigner Pregnancy Reverse Sectarianism Supremacism Black White Transphobia Non-binary Transmisogyny Vegaphobia Xenophobia Religious Ahmadiyya Atheism Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Catholicism Christianity post–Cold War era Druze Falun Gong Hinduism Persecution Islam Persecution Jehovah's Witnesses Judaism Persecution LDS or Mormon Neopaganism Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Copts Protestantism Rastafarianism Shi'ism Sufism Sunnism Zoroastrianism Ethnic/national African Albanian American Arab Armenian Australian Austrian Azerbaijani British Canadian Catalan Chechen Chilean Chinese Croat Dutch English Estonian European Filipino Finnish French Georgian German Greek Haitian Hazara Hispanic Hungarian Igbo Indian Indonesian Iranian Irish Israeli Italian Japanese Jewish Khmer Korean Kurdish Malay Manchu Mexican Middle Eastern Mongolian Montenegrin Pakistani Pashtun Polish Portuguese Quebec Romani Romanian Russian Scottish Serb Slavic Somali Soviet Tatar Thai Tibetan Turkish Ukrainian Venezuelan Vietnamese Western Manifestations Blood libel Bullying Compulsory sterilization Counter-jihad Cultural genocide Defamation Democide Disability hate crime Dog-whistle politics Eliminationism Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnocide Forced conversion Freak show Gay bashing Gendercide Genital modification and mutilation Genocide examples Glass ceiling Hate crime Hate group Hate speech online Homeless dumping Indian rolling Lavender scare LGBT hate crimes Lynching Mortgage Murder music Occupational segregation Persecution Pogrom Purge Red Scare Religious persecution Religious terrorism Religious violence Religious war Scapegoating Segregation academy Sex-selective abortion Slavery Slut-shaming Trans bashing Victimisation Violence against women White flight White power music Wife selling Witch-hunt Policies Age of candidacy Blood purity Blood quantum Crime of apartheid Disabilities Catholic Jewish Ethnocracy Ethnopluralism Gender pay gap Gender roles Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghetto benches Internment Jewish quota Jim Crow laws Law for Protection of the Nation McCarthyism MSM blood donation restrictions Nonpersons Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota) Nuremberg Laws One-drop rule Racial quota Racial steering Redlining Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) Segregation age racial religious sexual Sodomy law State atheism State religion Ugly law Voter suppression Countermeasures Affirmative action Anti-discrimination law Cultural assimilation Cultural pluralism Diversity training Empowerment Feminism Fighting Discrimination Hate speech laws by country Human rights Intersex rights LGBT rights Masculism Multiculturalism Nonviolence Racial integration Reappropriation Self-determination Social integration Toleration Related topics Allophilia Anti-cultural, anti-national, and anti-ethnic terms Bias Christian privilege Civil liberties Cultural assimilation Dehumanization Diversity Ethnic penalty Eugenics Internalized oppression Intersectionality Male privilege Masculism Medical model of disability autism Multiculturalism Net bias Neurodiversity Oikophobia Oppression Police brutality Political correctness Polyculturalism Power distance Prejudice Prisoner abuse Racial bias in criminal news Racism by country Religious intolerance Second-generation gender bias Snobbery Social exclusion Social model of disability Social stigma Stereotype threat The talk White privilege v t e A Red Scare is the promotion of a widespread fear of a potential rise of communism or anarchism by a society or state.
The breakdown of collagen fibers results in a net increase in water content. [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] This increase occurs because whilst there is an overall loss of proteoglycans (and thus a decreased osmotic pull), [29] [33] it is outweighed by a loss of collagen. [27] [33] Without the protective effects of the proteoglycans, the collagen fibers of the cartilage can become susceptible to degradation and thus exacerbate the degeneration.
Overview Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over time. Although osteoarthritis can damage any joint, the disorder most commonly affects joints in your hands, knees, hips and spine. Osteoarthritis symptoms can usually be managed, although the damage to joints can't be reversed. Staying active, maintaining a healthy weight and receiving certain treatments might slow progression of the disease and help improve pain and joint function.
Chronic Metabolic Acidosis [ edit ] For people with Chronic Kidney Disease, treating metabolic acidosis slows the progression of chronic kidney disease. [38] Dietary interventions for treatment of chronic metabolic acidosis include base-inducing fruits and vegetables that assist with reducing the urine net acid excretion, and increase TCO2.
The vaccine should be given whether the child is HIV-infected or not. [63] The vaccine is less effective in HIV-infected infants than in the general population, but early treatment with antiretroviral drugs can increase its effectiveness. [64] Measles vaccination programs are often used to deliver other child health interventions as well, such as bed nets to protect against malaria , antiparasite medicine and vitamin A supplements, and so contribute to the reduction of child deaths from other causes. [65] The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that all adult international travelers who do not have positive evidence of previous measles immunity receive two doses of MMR vaccine before traveling, although birth before 1957 is presumptive evidence of immunity. [66] Those born in the United States before 1957 are likely to have been naturally infected with measles virus and generally need not be considered susceptible. [67] [24] There have been false claims of an association between the measles vaccine and autism ; this incorrect concern has reduced the rate of vaccination and increased the number of cases of measles where immunization rates became too low to maintain herd immunity . [15] Additionally, there have been false claims that measles infection protects against cancer. [16] Administration of the MMR vaccine may prevent measles after exposure to the virus (post-exposure prophylaxis). [68] Post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines are specific to jurisdiction and population. [68] Passive immunization against measles by an intramuscular injection of antibodies could be effective up to the seventh day after exposure. [69] Compared to no treatment, the risk of measles infection is reduced by 83%, and the risk of death by measles is reduced by 76%. [69] However, the effectiveness of passive immunization in comparison to active measles vaccine is not clear. [69] The MMR vaccine is 95% effective for preventing measles after one dose if the vaccine is given to a child who is 12 months or older; if a second dose of the MMR vaccine is given, it will provide immunity in 99% of children. [70] There is no evidence that the measles vaccine virus can be transmitted to other persons. [71] Treatment There is no specific antiviral treatment if measles develops. [48] Instead the medications are generally aimed at treating superinfections, maintaining good hydration with adequate fluids, and pain relief. [48] Some groups, like young children and the severely malnourished, are also given vitamin A , which act as an immunomodulator that boosts the antibody responses to measles and decreases the risk of serious complications. [48] [72] [73] Medications Treatment is supportive , with ibuprofen or paracetamol (acetaminophen) to reduce fever and pain and, if required, a fast-acting medication to dilate the airways for cough. [74] As for aspirin , some research has suggested a correlation between children who take aspirin and the development of Reye syndrome . [75] [76] The use of vitamin A during treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of blindness; [73] however, it does not prevent or cure the disease. [77] A systematic review of trials into its use found no reduction in overall mortality, but two doses (200 000 IU ) of vitamin A was shown to reduce mortality for measles in children younger than two years of age. [72] [78] It is unclear if zinc supplementation in children with measles affects outcomes as it has not been sufficiently studied. [79] There are no adequate studies on whether Chinese medicinal herbs are effective. [80] Prognosis Most people survive measles, though in some cases, complications may occur.
Overview Measles is a childhood infection caused by a virus. Once quite common, measles can now almost always be prevented with a vaccine. Also called rubeola, measles spreads easily and can be serious and even fatal for small children. While death rates have been falling worldwide as more children receive the measles vaccine, the disease still kills more than 200,000 people a year, mostly children. As a result of high vaccination rates in general, measles hasn't been widespread in the United States in about two decades. Most recent measles cases in the U.S. originated outside the country and occurred in people who were unvaccinated or who didn't know whether or not they had been vaccinated.
Dopamine acts to facilitate this release of inhibition, so high levels of dopamine function tend to promote motor activity, while low levels of dopamine function, such as occur in PD, demand greater exertions of effort for any given movement. Thus, the net effect of dopamine depletion is to produce hypokinesia , an overall reduction in motor output. [80] Drugs that are used to treat PD, conversely, may produce excessive dopamine activity, allowing motor systems to be activated at inappropriate times and thereby producing dyskinesias . [80] Brain cell death There is speculation of several mechanisms by which the brain cells could be lost. [81] One mechanism consists of an abnormal accumulation of the protein alpha-synuclein bound to ubiquitin in the damaged cells.
Overview Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder that affects the nervous system and the parts of the body controlled by the nerves. Symptoms start slowly. The first symptom may be a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremors are common, but the disorder may also cause stiffness or slowing of movement. In the early stages of Parkinson's disease, your face may show little or no expression. Your arms may not swing when you walk. Your speech may become soft or slurred.
Ghroubi et al. (2007) concluded that a high abdominal circumference is associated with great functional repercussion. [37] Causes [ edit ] Diet [ edit ] See also: Diet and obesity The currently prevalent belief is that the immediate cause of obesity is net energy imbalance—the organism consumes more usable calories than it expends, wastes, or discards through elimination .
Early afterdepolarisations, occurring before the cell has fully repolarised, are particularly likely to be seen when action potentials are prolonged, and arise due to reactivation of calcium and sodium channels that would normally switch off until the next heartbeat is due. [31] Under the right conditions, reactivation of these currents, facilitated by the sodium-calcium exchanger, can cause further depolarisation of the cell. [31] The early afterdepolarisations triggering arrhythmias in long QT syndrome tend to arise from the Purkinje fibres of the cardiac conduction system. [32] Early afterdepolarisations may occur as single events, but may occur repeatedly leading to multiple rapid activations of the cell. [31] Some research suggests that delayed afterdepolarisations, occurring after repolarisation has completed, may also play a role in long QT syndrome. [32] This form of afterdepolarisation originates from the spontaneous release of calcium from the intracellular calcium store known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum , forcing calcium out of cell through the sodium calcium exchanger in exchange for sodium, generating a net inward current. [31] While there is strong evidence that the trigger for Torsades de Pointes comes from afterdepolarisations, it is less certain what sustains this arrhythmia.
Summary Clinical characteristics. Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a cardiac electrophysiologic disorder, characterized by QT prolongation and T-wave abnormalities on the ECG that are associated with tachyarrhythmias, typically the ventricular tachycardia torsade de pointes (TdP). TdP is usually self-terminating, thus causing a syncopal event, the most common symptom in individuals with LQTS. Such cardiac events typically occur during exercise and emotional stress, less frequently during sleep, and usually without warning. In some instances, TdP degenerates to ventricular fibrillation and causes aborted cardiac arrest (if the individual is defibrillated) or sudden death. Approximately 50% of untreated individuals with a pathogenic variant in one of the genes associated with LQTS have symptoms, usually one to a few syncopal events.
Overview Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a heart signaling disorder that can cause fast, chaotic heartbeats (arrhythmias). A heart signaling disorder is also called a heart conduction disorder. Some people are born with altered DNA that causes long QT syndrome (congenital long QT syndrome). Long QT syndrome may also occur later in life (acquired long QT syndrome) as the result of some medical conditions, certain drugs or mineral imbalances. Long QT syndrome can cause sudden fainting and seizures. Young people with LQTS syndrome have an increased risk of sudden death.
The eldest patient in the family, with very mild clinical symptoms, was shown to be a compound heterozygote for this allele and for a second allele characterized by a reduced net production of catalytically active acid alpha-glucosidase, resulting in partial enzyme deficiency.
Summary Clinical characteristics. Pompe disease is classified by age of onset, organ involvement, severity, and rate of progression. Infantile-onset Pompe disease (IOPD; individuals with onset before age 12 months with cardiomyopathy) may be apparent in utero but more typically onset is at the median age of four months with hypotonia, generalized muscle weakness, feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, respiratory distress, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Without treatment by enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), IOPD commonly results in death by age two years from progressive left ventricular outflow obstruction and respiratory insufficiency. Late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD; including: (a) individuals with onset before age 12 months without cardiomyopathy; and (b) all individuals with onset after age 12 months) is characterized by proximal muscle weakness and respiratory insufficiency; clinically significant cardiac involvement is uncommon. Diagnosis/testing. The diagnosis of GSD II is established in a proband with either deficiency of acid alpha-glucosidase enzyme activity or biallelic pathogenic variants in GAA on molecular genetic testing.
Pompe disease is an inherited disorder caused by the buildup of a complex sugar called glycogen in the body's cells. The accumulation of glycogen in certain organs and tissues, especially muscles, impairs their ability to function normally. Researchers have described three types of Pompe disease, which differ in severity and the age at which they appear. These types are known as classic infantile-onset, non-classic infantile-onset, and late-onset. The classic form of infantile-onset Pompe disease begins within a few months of birth.
A rare lysosomal storage disease characterized by lysosomal accumulation of glycogen particularly in skeletal, cardiac, and respiratory muscles, as well as the liver and nervous system, due to acid maltase deficiency. The clinical spectrum comprises infantile-onset disease with severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, generalized muscle weakness, poor feeding and failure to thrive, and respiratory insufficiency, and late-onset disease manifesting before or after twelve months of age without cardiomyopathy, with proximal muscle weakness and respiratory insufficiency.
Glycogen storage disease type 2 , also known as Pompe disease or acid maltase deficiency disease, is an inherited metabolic disorder. While glycogen storage disease type 2 is a single disease, it may be classified in 2 forms according to the rates of disease progression, its severity and the age at which symptoms start. The classic infantile-onset starts before 12 month of age and involves the heart muscle (myocardiopathy). The later-onset form may start before 12 months of age (non-classic infantile-onset), or after 12 months of age, but does not affect the heart. Muscle weakness is a main symptom in all forms. The infantile-onset is the most severe form and, if untreated, it may lead to death from heart failure in the first year of life.
Sentiment against China, its people, overseas Chinese, or Chinese culture Part of a series on Discrimination General forms Age Class ( Caste ) Physical Disability Education Economic Employment Genetics Hair texture Height Housing Language Looks Race / Ethnicity / Nationality Rank Religion Sanity Sex Sexual orientation Size Skin color Specific forms Social Acephobia Adultism Amatonormativity Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-homelessness Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex Anti-left handedness Anti-Masonry Antisemitism (Judeophobia) Aporophobia Audism Biphobia Clannism Cronyism Drug use Elitism Ephebiphobia Fatism Gerontophobia Heteronormativity Heterosexism HIV/AIDS stigma Homophobia Leprosy stigma Lesbophobia Misandry Misogyny Nepotism Pedophobia Perpetual foreigner Pregnancy Reverse Sectarianism Supremacism Black White Transphobia Non-binary Transmisogyny Vegaphobia Xenophobia Religious Ahmadiyya Atheism Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Catholicism Christianity post–Cold War era Druze Falun Gong Hinduism Persecution Islam Persecution Jehovah's Witnesses Judaism Persecution LDS or Mormon Neopaganism Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Copts Protestantism Rastafarianism Shi'ism Sufism Sunnism Zoroastrianism Ethnic/national African Albanian American Arab Armenian Australian Austrian Azerbaijani British Canadian Catalan Chechen Chilean Chinese Croat Dutch English Estonian European Filipino Finnish French Georgian German Greek Haitian Hazara Hispanic Hungarian Igbo Indian Indonesian Iranian Irish Israeli Italian Japanese Jewish Khmer Korean Kurdish Malay Manchu Mexican Middle Eastern Mongolian Montenegrin Pakistani Pashtun Polish Portuguese Quebec Romani Romanian Russian Scottish Serb Slavic Somali Soviet Tatar Thai Tibetan Turkish Ukrainian Venezuelan Vietnamese Western Manifestations Blood libel Bullying Compulsory sterilization Counter-jihad Cultural genocide Defamation Democide Disability hate crime Dog-whistle politics Eliminationism Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnocide Forced conversion Freak show Gay bashing Gendercide Genital modification and mutilation Genocide examples Glass ceiling Hate crime Hate group Hate speech online Homeless dumping Indian rolling Lavender scare LGBT hate crimes Lynching Mortgage Murder music Occupational segregation Persecution Pogrom Purge Red Scare Religious persecution Religious terrorism Religious violence Religious war Scapegoating Segregation academy Sex-selective abortion Slavery Slut-shaming Trans bashing Victimisation Violence against women White flight White power music Wife selling Witch-hunt Policies Age of candidacy Blood purity Blood quantum Crime of apartheid Disabilities Catholic Jewish Ethnocracy Ethnopluralism Gender pay gap Gender roles Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghetto benches Internment Jewish quota Jim Crow laws Law for Protection of the Nation McCarthyism MSM blood donation restrictions Nonpersons Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota) Nuremberg Laws One-drop rule Racial quota Racial steering Redlining Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) Segregation age racial religious sexual Sodomy law State atheism State religion Ugly law Voter suppression Countermeasures Affirmative action Anti-discrimination law Cultural assimilation Cultural pluralism Diversity training Empowerment Feminism Fighting Discrimination Hate speech laws by country Human rights Intersex rights LGBT rights Masculism Multiculturalism Nonviolence Racial integration Reappropriation Self-determination Social integration Toleration Related topics Allophilia Anti-cultural, anti-national, and anti-ethnic terms Bias Christian privilege Civil liberties Cultural assimilation Dehumanization Diversity Ethnic penalty Eugenics Internalized oppression Intersectionality Male privilege Masculism Medical model of disability autism Multiculturalism Net bias Neurodiversity Oikophobia Oppression Police brutality Political correctness Polyculturalism Power distance Prejudice Prisoner abuse Racial bias in criminal news Racism by country Religious intolerance Second-generation gender bias Snobbery Social exclusion Social model of disability Social stigma Stereotype threat The talk White privilege v t e Results of 2019 Pew Research Center poll.