G Mitotic count (per 10 HPF ) Ki-67 index (%) GX Grade cannot be assessed G1 < 2 < 3% G2 2 to 20 3–20% G3 > 20 > 20% If mitotic count and Ki-67 are discordant, the figure which gives the highest grade is used. ... Not all cells are immediately killed; cell death can go on for up to two years. [ citation needed ] PRRT was initially used for low grade NETs. It is also very useful in more aggressive NETs such as Grade 2 and 3 NETs [83] [84] provided they demonstrate high uptake on SSTR imaging to suggest benefit. ... World Journal of Clinical Oncology . 2 (1): 28–43. doi : 10.5306/wjco.v2.i1.28 . ... World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery . 2 (5): 153–56. doi : 10.4240/wjgs.v2.i5.153 . ... Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. ^ Walsh, Bryan (January 1, 2010).

However in some cases, a pancreatic NET occurs outside of the pancreas. A NET arises from cells that produce hormones, so the tumor can also produce hormones. ... Pancreatic NETs are called either functional or nonfunctional. A functional pancreatic NET causes specific symptoms because it makes extra hormones, such as gastrin, insulin, or glucagon. ... Pancreatic NETs can be hard to diagnosis, often not identified until 5 to 10 years after they begin to grow. Most pancreatic NETs are not inherited and occur sporadically in people with no family history of NETs.

A neuroendocrine tumor (NET) is a rare type of tumor that arises from specialized body cells called neuroendocrine cells . ... Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (also called islet cell tumors) - NETs that typically arise in the pancreas, although they can occur outside the pancreas. A p heochromocytoma is another, rarer type of NET that usually develops in the adrenal gland , but can also arise in other parts of the body. ... Functional NETs produce a specific set of symptoms due to the production of excess hormones, while non-functional NETs generally do not cause specific symptoms. In many cases, a person has no symptoms until the tumor spreads to the liver and/or impairs the function of an organ or system. This can make NETs very hard to diagnose. The majority of NETs are not inherited and occur sporadically in people with no family history of NETs.

A rare, genetic, primary orthostatic disorder characterized by dizziness, palpitations, fatigue, blurred vision and tachycardia following postural change from a supine to an upright position, in the absence of hypotension. A syncope with transient cognitive impairment and dyspnea may also occur. The norepinephrine transporter deficiency leads to abnormal uptake and high plasma concentrations of norepinephrine.

A group of esophageal epithelial neoplasms characterized by neuroendocrine differentiation, comprising well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), and mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms, an umbrella category including mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma. ... NECs may also arise in other parts of the esophagus. On endoscopy, NETs usually appear as small polypoid or nodular submucosal masses, while NECs are large, infiltrative, and ulcerated. Patients most commonly present with dysphagia, pain, weight loss, and sometimes melena. Metastatic NETs may be associated with carcinoid syndrome.

Malaria Malaria parasite connecting to a red blood cell Pronunciation / m ə ˈ l ɛər i ə / Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Fever, vomiting, headache, yellow skin [1] Complications Seizures , coma [1] Usual onset 10–15 days post exposure [2] Causes Plasmodium spread by mosquitoes [1] Diagnostic method Examination of the blood, antigen detection tests [1] Prevention Mosquito nets , insect repellent , mosquito control , medications [1] Medication Antimalarial medication [2] Frequency 228 million (2018) [3] Deaths 405,000 in 2018 [3] Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. [2] Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever , tiredness , vomiting , and headaches . [1] In severe cases, it can cause yellow skin , seizures , coma , or death . [1] Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten by an infected mosquito . [2] If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later. [2] In those who have recently survived an infection , reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. [1] This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria. [1] Malaria is caused by single-celled microorganisms of the Plasmodium group. [2] The disease is most commonly spread by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. [2] The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito's saliva into a person's blood . [2] The parasites travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce . [1] Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be spread by humans. [1] Most deaths are caused by P. falciparum , whereas P. vivax , P. ovale , and P. malariae generally cause a milder form of malaria. [1] [2] The species P. knowlesi rarely causes disease in humans. [2] Malaria is typically diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood using blood films , or with antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests . [1] Methods that use the polymerase chain reaction to detect the parasite's DNA have been developed, but are not widely used in areas where malaria is common due to their cost and complexity. [4] The risk of disease can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites through the use of mosquito nets and insect repellents or with mosquito-control measures such as spraying insecticides and draining standing water . [1] Several medications are available to prevent malaria in travellers to areas where the disease is common. [2] Occasional doses of the combination medication sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine are recommended in infants and after the first trimester of pregnancy in areas with high rates of malaria. [2] As of 2020, there is one vaccine which has been shown to reduce the risk of malaria by about 40% in children in Africa. [5] [6] Efforts to develop more effective vaccines are ongoing. [6] The recommended treatment for malaria is a combination of antimalarial medications that includes artemisinin . [1] [2] The second medication may be either mefloquine , lumefantrine , or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. [7] Quinine , along with doxycycline , may be used if artemisinin is not available. [7] It is recommended that in areas where the disease is common, malaria is confirmed if possible before treatment is started due to concerns of increasing drug resistance . [2] Resistance among the parasites has developed to several antimalarial medications; for example, chloroquine -resistant P. falciparum has spread to most malarial areas, and resistance to artemisinin has become a problem in some parts of Southeast Asia. [2] The disease is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions that exist in a broad band around the equator . [1] This includes much of sub-Saharan Africa , Asia , and Latin America . [2] In 2018 there were 228 million cases of malaria worldwide resulting in an estimated 405,000 deaths. [3] Approximately 93% of the cases and 94% of deaths occurred in Africa. [3] Rates of disease have decreased from 2010 to 2014 but increased from 2015 to 2017, during which there were 231 million cases. [3] Malaria is commonly associated with poverty and has a significant negative effect on economic development . [8] [9] In Africa, it is estimated to result in losses of US$12 billion a year due to increased healthcare costs, lost ability to work, and adverse effects on tourism. [10] Play media Video summary ( script ) Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Complications 2 Cause 2.1 Life cycle 2.2 Recurrent malaria 2.3 Climate change 3 Pathophysiology 3.1 Genetic resistance 3.2 Liver dysfunction 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Classification 5 Prevention 5.1 Mosquito control 5.1.1 Insecticide treated nets 5.1.2 Indoor residual spraying 5.1.3 Housing modifications 5.1.4 Other mosquito control methods 5.2 Medications 5.3 Others 6 Treatment 6.1 Uncomplicated malaria 6.2 Severe and complicated malaria 6.3 Resistance 7 Prognosis 8 Epidemiology 9 History 10 Society and culture 10.1 Economic impact 10.2 Counterfeit and substandard drugs 10.3 War 10.4 Eradication efforts 11 Research 11.1 Vaccine 11.2 Medications 11.3 New targets 11.4 Other 12 Other animals 13 References 13.1 Citations 13.2 Sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Main symptoms of malaria [11] The signs and symptoms of malaria typically begin 8–25 days following infection, [11] but may occur later in those who have taken antimalarial medications as prevention . [4] Initial manifestations of the disease—common to all malaria species—are similar to flu-like symptoms , [12] and can resemble other conditions such as sepsis , gastroenteritis , and viral diseases . [4] The presentation may include headache , fever , shivering , joint pain , vomiting , hemolytic anemia , jaundice , hemoglobin in the urine , retinal damage , and convulsions . [13] The classic symptom of malaria is paroxysm —a cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by shivering and then fever and sweating, occurring every two days ( tertian fever ) in P. vivax and P. ovale infections, and every three days ( quartan fever ) for P. malariae . ... The mosquitoes remain on the wall until they fall down dead on the floor. Insecticide treated nets [ edit ] A mosquito net in use. Mosquito nets help keep mosquitoes away from people and reduce infection rates and transmission of malaria. Nets are not a perfect barrier and are often treated with an insecticide designed to kill the mosquito before it has time to find a way past the net. Insecticide-treated nets are estimated to be twice as effective as untreated nets and offer greater than 70% protection compared with no net. [73] Between 2000 and 2008, the use of ITNs saved the lives of an estimated 250,000 infants in Sub-Saharan Africa. [74] About 13% of households in Sub-Saharan countries owned ITNs in 2007 [75] and 31% of African households were estimated to own at least one ITN in 2008. ... That number increased to 20.3 million (18.5%) African children using ITNs in 2007, leaving 89.6 million children unprotected [76] and to 68% African children using mosquito nets in 2015. [77] Most nets are impregnated with pyrethroids , a class of insecticides with low toxicity .

A rare neoplastic disease characterized by occurrence of atypical and aggressive gastric type 1 neuroendocrine tumors (NET) in early adulthood. The tumors often show nodal infiltration requiring total gastrectomy. ... Patients present high serum gastrin concentrations and iron-deficiency anemia (rather than megaloblastic anemia, which is a typical feature in patients with sporadic gastric type 1 NET, where the tumor usually arises on the background of autoimmune atrophic gastritis).

PanNETs are a type of neuroendocrine tumor , representing about one third of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). Many PanNETs are benign , while some are malignant . ... Contents 1 Types 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Diagnosis 4 Staging 5 Treatment 6 Genetics 7 References 8 External links Types [ edit ] The majority of PanNETs are benign , while some are malignant . ... The ASCO Post. May 15, 2011, Volume 2, Issue 8 "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 2013-01-17 . ... id=607 ^ "Pfizer Scores New Approval for Sutent in Europe" . 2 Dec 2010. ^ Raymond E, Dahan L, Raoul JL, Bang YJ, Borbath I, Lombard-Bohas C, et al. ... "Genome-wide analysis of pancreatic cancer using microarray-based techniques". Pancreatology . 9 (1–2): 13–24. doi : 10.1159/000178871 .

Avoid and exclude mosquitoes Limit exposure to mosquitoes by: Repairing any tears in the screens on windows, doors and camping gear Using mosquito netting over strollers and cribs Using mosquito netting when sleeping outdoors Selecting self-care products that don't have scents Use insect repellent Use insect repellent when mosquitoes are active. The most effective insect repellents in the United States include one of these active ingredients: DEET Icaridin, also called picaridin Oil of lemon eucalyptus IR3535 Para-menthane-diol (PMD) 2-Undecanone These ingredients temporarily repel mosquitoes and ticks. ... Used according to package directions, these products are generally safe for children and adults, with a few exceptions: Don't use DEET-containing products on infants younger than 2 months. Don't use icaridin on infants younger than 6 months Check the labels of products with oil of lemon eucalyptus — some aren't suitable for children under 3 years old. ... Some sporting goods stores sell clothing pretreated with permethrin. Don't wash bed nets or set them in sunlight, as this breaks down permethrin.

This is associated with the irregular thinking apparent in psychotic mental illnesses (e.g. mania and schizophrenia ). [1] Gustav Aschaffenburg found that manic individuals generated these "clang-associations" roughly 10–50 times more than non-manic individuals. [2] Aschaffenburg also found that the frequency of these associations increased for all individuals as they became more fatigued. [3] Clanging refers specifically to behavior that is situationally inappropriate. ... "Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: A factor analytic study". Comprehensive Psychiatry . 33 (2): 105–110. doi : 10.1016/0010-440X(92)90005-B . ... Livingstone. p. 32 . ^ Spitzer, Manfred (1999). The mind within the net: Models of learning, thinking, and acting .

Dowling-Degos disease is characterized by a lacy or net-like (reticulate) pattern of abnormally dark skin coloring (hyperpigmentation) in the body's folds and creases.

The use of glucagon , while common, has not been found to be useful. [2] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Risk factors 3 Treatment 3.1 Conservative 3.2 Endoscopic 4 References 5 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Many foods can lodge themselves in the esophagus , but the most common are meats such as steak , poultry , or pork [3] leading to the colourful description of the phenomenon as steakhouse syndrome. [1] People with food bolus obstruction typically display acute dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), often to the point that they cannot even swallow their saliva , leading to drooling. ... ] and the use of large-bore tubes inserted into the esophagus to forcefully lavage it. [17] [ unreliable medical source? ] Endoscopic [ edit ] The Roth net can be inserted through the endoscope to remove pieces of the obstructed food. ... Traditional endoscopic techniques involved the use of an overtube, a plastic tube inserted into the esophagus prior to the removal of the food bolus, in order to reduce the risk of aspiration into the lungs at the time of endoscopy. [7] However, the "push technique", which involves insufflating air into the esophagus, and gently pushing the bolus toward the stomach instead, has emerged as a common and safe way of removing the obstruction. [7] [18] Other tools may be used to remove food boluses. The Roth Net is a mesh net that can be inserted through the endoscope, and opened and closed from the outside; it can be used to retrieve pieces of obstructed food. ... A retrospective, observational study". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy . 53 (2): 193–8. doi : 10.1067/mge.2001.112709 . ... Digestive Diseases and Sciences . 25 (2): 100–3. doi : 10.1007/bf01308305 .

Dogger Bank itch Specialty Dermatology Dogger Bank itch is a cutaneous condition characterized by a long-lasting dermatitis caused by exposure to the sea chervil , Alcyonidium diaphanum , a bryozoan . [1] The disease, common in fishermen who work in the North Sea , has been recognized by the Danish Workman's Compensation Act since 1939. [2] Contents 1 Pathogenesis 2 Treatment 3 Epidemiology 4 History 5 See also 6 References Pathogenesis [ edit ] The structural formula of the toxin responsible for Dogger Bank itch The rash is caused by a type of cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction; this type of hypersensitivity normally occurs in people who become sensitized to volatile organic compounds . ... In Dogger Bank itch, sensitivity is acquired after repeated handling of the sea chervils that become entangled in fishing nets. [ citation needed ] The specific toxin responsible for the rash was determined to be the sulfur -bearing salt (2-hydroxyethyl) dimethylsulfoxonium chloride. [3] This salt is also found in some sea sponges and has potent in vitro activity against leukemia cells. [4] Treatment [ edit ] A study of two cases in 2001 suggests that the rash responds to oral ciclosporin . ... The sea chervil, abundant in the area, frequently came up with the fishing nets and had to be thrown back into the water. ... Allergy . 1 : 40–46. doi : 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1948.tb03301.x . ^ Carle JS, Christophersen C (1980). "Dogger Bank itch the allergen is 2-hydroxyethyldimethyl sulfonium ion". ... "Dogger Bank Itch revisited: isolation of (2-hydroxyethyl) dimethylsulfoxonium chloride as a cytotoxic constituent from the marine sponge Theonella aff. mirabilis ".

Furthermore, urea is reabsorbed actively by the tubule; this process is apparently brought into play particularly in states of low protein intake. Net reabsorption might be due to exaggerated active reabsorption or to deficient secretion.

Retiform parapsoriasis Specialty Dermatology Retiform parapsoriasis is a cutaneous condition, considered to be a type of large-plaque parapsoriasis . [1] It is characterized by widespread, ill-defined plaques on the skin, that have a net-like or zebra-striped pattern. [2] Skin atrophy , a wasting away of the cutaneous tissue , usually occurs within the area of these plaques. [1] See also [ edit ] Parapsoriasis Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans List of cutaneous conditions References [ edit ] ^ a b Lambert WC, Everett MA (Oct 1981). ... Dermatol . 5 (4): 373–95. doi : 10.1016/S0190-9622(81)70100-2 . PMID 7026622 . ^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set . St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0 .

Insulinoma is a type of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pancreatic NET), which refers to a group of rare tumors that form in the hormone-making cells of the pancreas.

Depending on the mosquito vector, and the affected community, a variety of prevention methods may be deployed at one time. Insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying [ edit ] The use of insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITNs) are at the forefront of preventing mosquito bites that cause malaria. ... Because the Anopheles gambiae feeds indoors (endophagic) and rests indoors after feeding (endophilic), insecticide treated nets (ITNs) interrupt the mosquito's feeding pattern. ... Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. ^ "WHO | Malaria" . www.who.int . ... Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice . 16 (2): 437–468. doi : 10.1016/j.cvex.2013.02.002 . ... "The Impact of Pyrethroid Resistance on the Efficacy of Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets against African Anopheline Mosquitoes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" .

In vitro functional studies in HEK293 cells showed that the mutation altered the kinetic properties of the channel, resulting in the net loss of GABAergic inhibition. In a boy with EIEE45, Lien et al. (2016) identified a de novo heterozygous missense mutation in the GABRB1 gene (T287I; 137190.0002). ... INHERITANCE - Autosomal dominant HEAD & NECK Eyes - Cortical visual impairment (in 1 of 2 patients) MUSCLE, SOFT TISSUES - Hypotonia NEUROLOGIC Central Nervous System - Epileptic encephalopathy - Delayed psychomotor development - Psychomotor regression - Seizures - Hypsarrhythmia - Ataxia - Thin corpus callosum (in 1 of 2 patients) MISCELLANEOUS - Onset in infancy - Seizures are refractory - Two unrelated patients have been reported (last curated October 2016) MOLECULAR BASIS - Caused by mutation in the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor, beta-1 gene (GABRB1, 137190.0001 ) ▲ Close

Evidence for both an increased rate of uric acid synthesis and an impaired net elimination of uric acid by the kidney has been advanced. ... The Q141K allele was associated with a significantly increased risk of hyperuricemia (OR of 2.06, p = 1.53 x 10(-11)) and gout (OR of 2.23; p = 5.54 x 10(-11)). These 2 variants were assigned to different risk haplotypes, and combinations of these haplotypes conferred different disease risks (up to an odds ratio of 25.8). ... Genomewide Association Studies Kottgen et al. (2013) reported the identification and replication of 28 genomewide-significant urate concentration-associated loci, 18 of which were novel, using genomewide association study (GWAS) (26 loci) and pathway (2 loci) approaches. The study combined data from more than 140,000 individuals of European ancestry within the Global Urate Genetics Consortium (GUGC). ... Autosomal dominant form Lab - Increased rate of uric acid synthesis - Impaired net elimination of uric acid by the kidney - Hyperuricemia Skin - Urate tophi ▲ Close

It is primarily characterized by livedo reticularis (net-like patterns of discoloration on the skin) and neurological abnormalities.