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Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
GARD
However in some cases, a pancreatic NET occurs outside of the pancreas. A NET arises from cells that produce hormones, so the tumor can also produce hormones. ... Pancreatic NETs are called either functional or nonfunctional. A functional pancreatic NET causes specific symptoms because it makes extra hormones, such as gastrin, insulin, or glucagon. ... Pancreatic NETs can be hard to diagnosis, often not identified until 5 to 10 years after they begin to grow. Most pancreatic NETs are not inherited and occur sporadically in people with no family history of NETs.MEN1, PCSK1, ATM, BRCA2, C11orf65, IGF2, SST, TP53, CDKN2A, SLC6A2, MTOR, EPHB1, POMC, GH1, GCGR, DAXX, ELK3, KRT19, SSTR2, CHGA, SSTR5, UCHL1, FZD4, GCM2, DLGAP1, DCLK1, SSTR4, INA, STK11, EIF2AK3, TFE3, THBD, CXCR4, PAX8, TSC1, TTR, TYMS, VEGFA, ABO, CNPY2, MRGPRX4, GPR166P, VN1R17P, MIR196A1, GADL1, MRGPRX1, GPRC6A, OXER1, GPR119, GPR151, MRGPRX3, SEMA3A, AZIN2, ACCS, STK33, LGR6, ACSS2, MEG3, NEUROG3, LPAR3, LILRB1, PLA2G15, RET, SLC2A3, INSM1, GRN, FFAR1, GHRH, GAST, FGFR4, F3, EGFR, DHCR24, CSF1, CRH, CHGB, CD44, CCK, CALCA, VPS51, ATRX, ASS1, ASCL1, ANGPT2, HSF1, PDX1, SLC2A2, KIT, SLC2A1, SEA, SDHB, SDHA, AKT1, PYGM, PTH, PTEN, PPY, PTPA, PGR, PCYT1A, PCNA, NFKB1, NEUROD1, MUC1, SMAD4, STMN1, KRAS, H3P10
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Neuroendocrine Tumor
GARD
A neuroendocrine tumor (NET) is a rare type of tumor that arises from specialized body cells called neuroendocrine cells . ... Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (also called islet cell tumors) - NETs that typically arise in the pancreas, although they can occur outside the pancreas. A p heochromocytoma is another, rarer type of NET that usually develops in the adrenal gland , but can also arise in other parts of the body. ... Functional NETs produce a specific set of symptoms due to the production of excess hormones, while non-functional NETs generally do not cause specific symptoms. In many cases, a person has no symptoms until the tumor spreads to the liver and/or impairs the function of an organ or system. This can make NETs very hard to diagnose. The majority of NETs are not inherited and occur sporadically in people with no family history of NETs.
- Limbal Nodule Wikipedia
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Neuroendocrine Tumor
Wikipedia
H&E stain Specialty Endocrine oncology Neuroendocrine tumors ( NETs ) are neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine ( hormonal ) and nervous systems . ... G1 and G2 neuroendocrine neoplasms are called neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) – formerly called carcinoid tumours. ... Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) NETs from a particular anatomical origin often show similar behavior as a group, such as the foregut (which conceptually includes pancreas, and even thymus, airway and lung NETs), midgut and hindgut ; individual tumors within these sites can differ from these group benchmarks: Foregut NETs are argentaffin negative. ... Bone metastasis is uncommon. Hindgut NETs are argentaffin negative and rarely secrete 5-HT, 5-HTP, or any other vasoactive peptides. ... Not all cells are immediately killed; cell death can go on for up to two years. [ citation needed ] PRRT was initially used for low grade NETs. It is also very useful in more aggressive NETs such as Grade 2 and 3 NETs [83] [84] provided they demonstrate high uptake on SSTR imaging to suggest benefit.MEN1, CDKN1B, SSTR2, DAXX, ATRX, BRAF, TYMS, PTHLH, SSTR3, SSTR1, BAP1, MTOR, SST, GAST, SLC6A2, INSM1, CTNNB1, RET, PIK3CA, DNMT3A, POMC, EPHB1, PIK3CG, PIK3CD, CHGA, ELK3, CHEK2, PIK3CB, GRN, CD274, SMUG1, AKT1, GNA12, TP53, SYP, VEGFA, CDKN2A, ASCL1, BCL2, ENO2, NCAM1, GCG, MYCN, EGFR, MGMT, KIT, RASSF1, VHL, SCLC1, SSTR5, FOLH1, NKX2-1, KRAS, CALCA, CCND1, TAC1, PTPRF, VIP, NTS, PAX5, RHBDF2, GRP, IGF1, SDHD, GOT1, MAP2K7, CCK, ERBB2, DLL3, PPY, CXCL12, TP63, SMAD4, MUC1, INS, GCGR, CKAP4, NEUROD1, ISL1, MYC, NGF, SATB2, GLP1R, HSP90AA1, H3P10, HRAS, CHGB, CALR, NTRK1, TEK, DLK1, CDK4, CDX2, TGFA, UCHL1, RPE65, PGR, PDGFRA, CARTPT, CRH, UVRAG, SLC5A5, CXCR4, IGF1R, OTP, IL6, PHLDA3, TTF1, PAX8, TACR1, STK11, TRIM21, PLA2G15, SCG2, SQLE, SLC18A2, TERT, HDAC9, SLC2A1, PROM1, BCL2L11, NTSR1, PAX6, NAMPT, NOCT, INA, PLCB3, CD200, MKI67, PDX1, MAPK1, NES, HPSE, PTEN, STMN1, ABO, RIPK1, RORC, RAF1, IL1B, TRPV1, GATA3, ANGPT2, FOXM1, PTK2B, SDHAF2, ACCS, BDNF, EPAS1, EGF, ACSS2, MIB1, DNMT1, CCN2, TRPM8, CLDN4, CPE, CD34, CD44, FLNA, CEACAM5, B3GAT1, GH1, GIP, GHSR, GIPR, ADCY2, ALB, H3P28, TPPP2, H4C5, GGH, MIR1290, TMEM209, ELOA3, H4C13, H4C14, GPR151, SRPX, LGR5, TNFSF11, PSMG1, DCBLD2, H4-16, NRP1, MRGPRX4, SOCS1, H4C2, MIR3137, MRGPRX3, TNFRSF25, H3P12, CYYR1, AZIN2, DNER, AK6, MLIP, LMLN, NRP2, GPR68, MIR1246, H4C8, MAFK, MIR150, MIR155, MBOAT4, H4C9, MIR21, POTEKP, VN1R17P, SNORD95, GPR166P, ARID1A, EID3, SLC7A5, MIR375, H4C15, FZD4, MIRLET7C, OXER1, H4C12, HMGA2, H4C3, ARX, ELOA3B, GPRC6A, H4C11, H4C6, C17orf97, POTEM, MRGPRX1, ARMH1, H4C1, GADL1, ACTBL2, H4C4, BRI3, SQSTM1, ISYNA1, GHRL, ACOT7, KLF12, KRT20, SLC27A4, TET2, BCOR, EBNA1BP2, RALBP1, PGRMC1, LAMTOR1, FBXW7, MEG3, MAML3, TMEM127, NTNG1, ATRAID, KHDRBS1, DCTN4, SNORD61, NUP62, SNORD48, NTSR2, LPAR3, MAPK8IP2, SRRM2, BRD4, TRAM1, SPINK4, XIST, PPWD1, RBMS3, SETD1B, ZHX2, TNFSF13B, USE1, MAK16, UBE2Z, ONECUT2, FHL5, GCM2, DCLK1, ZBED1, ARHGEF2, PALB2, ALG9, SNED1, TET1, PDCD1LG2, TMPRSS13, MTA1, RPAIN, H1-10, EEF1E1, LGR6, PRMT5, NEUROD4, YAP1, SCML2, LANCL1, PAK4, RABEPK, ZNF197, CTNNBL1, PNO1, INSL5, EPB41L5, HDAC5, AKT3, CD302, GBA3, DCAF1, ATAT1, SERPINA3, VCL, CGA, ESR1, ERBB4, EPHB2, E2F1, DUSP2, DSG3, DPT, DPP4, DMBT1, DDC, DAD1, VCAN, CREB1, CRABP1, KLF6, CLU, FOXN3, CEACAM7, CEACAM3, ESR2, ETFA, EZH2, GHRH, HSPA4, AGFG1, HMOX1, HMGA1, GTF2H1, GSN, GNAS, GNA15, GFRA1, F3, GDNF, FSHR, FLT4, FLII, FLI1, FOXO1, FHIT, FGFR4, CGB3, CFL1, UQCRFS1, CDKN2C, FAS, APRT, APLP1, XIAP, APC, SLC25A6, SLC25A4, ANGPT1, ALK, AKT2, AFP, PARP1, ADCYAP1R1, ADCYAP1, ACVRL1, ACTN4, ACTG2, ACTG1, ACR, AQP4, ARF1, ATM, CASP3, CDK6, CD40LG, CD36, CD33, CCNE1, CCKBR, SERPINA6, CAV1, CA9, ATOH1, VPS51, C5, BRS3, BRCA2, DST, BAX, AVP, ATP4A, HTC2, HTR2A, TNC, IAPP, SDC1, SCT, SORT1, RNASE3, RARB, PTPRZ1, PTPRM, PTBP1, PSMD7, PSG2, PRKAR1A, PPP4C, POU4F1, PNN, PKD2, PITX2, PCYT1A, SERPINA5, PAX4, SDCBP, SDHB, SDHC, ST2, UBE2I, TPM3, TPH1, TNF, TM7SF2, TERC, TAT, STAT3, SSTR4, SEMA3F, SSR2, SOX11, SOX4, SOX2, SLPI, SLC3A2, SLC1A5, SFRP1, PAK3, PAK1, TNFRSF11B, KIF11, MDK, MAOA, LCN2, RPSA, L1CAM, KRT19, KRT7, KRT5, IL12A, MET, IL9, CXCL8, IL2, IL1A, IGFBP1, IGF2, IFNA13, IFNA1, MDM2, MFAP1, ODC1, MUTYH, NTRK2, NT5E, NRAS, NOTCH3, NPY, NOTCH1, NFKB1, NEFM, MUC4, CD99, NUDT1, COX2, MTAP, MST1R, MST1, MSMB, MMP7, MLH1, PTPRC
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Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Due To Net Deficiency
Orphanet
A rare, genetic, primary orthostatic disorder characterized by dizziness, palpitations, fatigue, blurred vision and tachycardia following postural change from a supine to an upright position, in the absence of hypotension. A syncope with transient cognitive impairment and dyspnea may also occur. The norepinephrine transporter deficiency leads to abnormal uptake and high plasma concentrations of norepinephrine.
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Neuroendocrine Neoplasm Of Esophagus
Orphanet
A group of esophageal epithelial neoplasms characterized by neuroendocrine differentiation, comprising well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), and mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms, an umbrella category including mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma. ... NECs may also arise in other parts of the esophagus. On endoscopy, NETs usually appear as small polypoid or nodular submucosal masses, while NECs are large, infiltrative, and ulcerated. Patients most commonly present with dysphagia, pain, weight loss, and sometimes melena. Metastatic NETs may be associated with carcinoid syndrome.
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Stress Shielding
Wikipedia
Materials Science and Engineering: C . 70 (1): 870–888. doi : 10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.069 .
- Ras-Associated Autoimmune Leukoproliferative Disorder Wikipedia
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Familial Gastric Type 1 Neuroendocrine Tumor
Orphanet
A rare neoplastic disease characterized by occurrence of atypical and aggressive gastric type 1 neuroendocrine tumors (NET) in early adulthood. The tumors often show nodal infiltration requiring total gastrectomy. ... Patients present high serum gastrin concentrations and iron-deficiency anemia (rather than megaloblastic anemia, which is a typical feature in patients with sporadic gastric type 1 NET, where the tumor usually arises on the background of autoimmune atrophic gastritis).
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Fetal Valproate Syndrome
GARD
A pregnant woman taking anti-seizure medication can enroll in this registry by calling 1-888-233-2334. You can read more about the registry on the North American AED (Antiepileptic Drug) Pregnancy Registry website .
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Pelvis Syndrome
Wikipedia
Archives of Dermatology . 142 (7): 884–888. doi : 10.1001/archderm.142.7.884 .
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Mycotic Aneurysm
Wikipedia
Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2000:888-892. ^ Jarrett F, Darling RC, Mundth ED, Austen WG.
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Malaria
Wikipedia
The mosquitoes remain on the wall until they fall down dead on the floor. Insecticide treated nets [ edit ] A mosquito net in use. Mosquito nets help keep mosquitoes away from people and reduce infection rates and transmission of malaria. Nets are not a perfect barrier and are often treated with an insecticide designed to kill the mosquito before it has time to find a way past the net. Insecticide-treated nets are estimated to be twice as effective as untreated nets and offer greater than 70% protection compared with no net. [73] Between 2000 and 2008, the use of ITNs saved the lives of an estimated 250,000 infants in Sub-Saharan Africa. [74] About 13% of households in Sub-Saharan countries owned ITNs in 2007 [75] and 31% of African households were estimated to own at least one ITN in 2008. ... That number increased to 20.3 million (18.5%) African children using ITNs in 2007, leaving 89.6 million children unprotected [76] and to 68% African children using mosquito nets in 2015. [77] Most nets are impregnated with pyrethroids , a class of insecticides with low toxicity . ... According to the WHO and UNICEF, deaths attributable to malaria in 2015 were reduced by 60% [77] from a 2000 estimate of 985,000, largely due to the widespread use of insecticide-treated nets and artemisinin-based combination therapies. [74] In 2012, there were 207 million cases of malaria.ICAM1, FCGR2B, HBB, CD36, NOS2, FCGR2A, TNF, CR1, G6PD, CRP, HP, ACKR1, GYPA, SLC4A1, GYPB, NCR3, TIRAP, GYPC, LTBR, CISH, IFNG, HMOX1, PKLR, ABO, ANK1, AQP4, ATP2B4, HBG2, CYTB, ENOSF1, MSMB, MST1, ZNF536, LINC00944, SMARCB1, DHODH, PDR, TREML4, ZNF804A, OR51F1, OR51B5, CDH13, PROCR, SPATA3, OR51N1P, DHFR, DDT, RECQL4, FAM155A, IGHG3, IL4, MMP26, IL6, IL10, TLR9, HLA-DRB1, CSMD1, HBE1, DNAJC5, TMPRSS13, KLHL3, HDGFL2, TLR4, ATAD1, LMLN, TENM3-AS1, MECP2, POMGNT2, MBL2, TFRC, TGFB1, MIF, HLA-B, HAMP, DHPS, SERPINA3, TLR2, IL1B, FOXP3, FHL5, ACOT7, POTEKP, POTEM, GEM, KIR3DL1, RN7SL263P, ACTG2, ACTG1, ACTB, ACTBL2, HBA2, CYP2B6, HSPA4, LSAMP, TRAP, FCGR3B, HSP90AA1, IL1A, LAMP3, CD81, OR10A4, CCL5, ABCB1, FAS, CD40LG, TEP1, CXCL8, IARS1, HLA-G, CTLA4, HBA1, INSRR, ANGPT2, TYMS, CFH, GSTP1, IFNAR1, AGT, GYPE, FCGR3A, TXN, IL13, HSPB3, APOE, MTCO2P12, ISYNA1, FCGR2C, FYB1, VDR, HLA-A, GSTM1, GSR, ATR, MBL3P, LAIR1, PNP, IL12B, MNAT1, IL1RN, CYP2D6, IGF1, CD55, ACHE, DECR1, COX2, IL3, CCL2, MAPK1, NLRP3, FBXW7, HAVCR2, THBD, VPS51, EMP1, ITGA2B, PTGS2, ANC, IL10RA, XPO1, VNN1, PLEK, UMPS, IL2, IL2RA, TPPP, VWF, ISG20, ADAMTS13, IRF1, IL7R, AIMP2, IL12RB1, CLEC11A, METAP2, CDK5R1, ING1, IL18R1, PGD, HAP1, H6PD, PRDX5, GRAP2, CXCL9, MMP9, MPO, TAP1, CCL4L2, COX1, EBI3, ITGAX, COX3, TLR6, CXCL11, MTHFR, NFKB2, NFYA, NOS1, TBC1D9, ORC1, MCF2, AKAP13, RNF19A, TLR7, NT5C3A, IRAK4, KIR2DS1, CCL4, KIR3DL2, ICOS, COQ2, PSIP1, PECAM1, TPT1, RNASE3, ARTN, TP53, POLDIP2, PDCD1, TLR1, AHSA1, UBL4A, AQP3, AGRP, H3C9P, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, GTF2H4, CRK, RNA18SN5, ANXA2, H3P37, CASP1, NANP, CCL4L1, MAPK14, CXCR3, GNAS, GLO1, FCN2, SMIM10L2B, FKBP4, CD27, FOXO3, RBM45, HM13, IL33, HK1, CCR5, IFNA13, IFNA1, H3P42, DNAJB1, CHIT1, CYP3A4, SMIM10L2A, EGF, CHI3L1, CAT, EPHA2, NSFL1C, ADRB2, MYMX, COX8A, GAPDH, ABCB6, NR1I3, TREML1, PUM3, FMN1, TICAM2, TRIM13, BMS1, FZD4, RABEPK, LANCL1, FUT9, TNFSF13B, DCTN6, CXCR6, ARL6IP5, MRGPRX1, ZNRD2, ASPM, KAT5, RAB7B, CIB1, SEMA3C, ARMH1, STING1, CFDP1, CPQ, MYLK4, DLC1, AKR1A1, PIEZO1, TMPRSS11D, HDAC9, CARTPT, DEFB4B, TIMELESS, SPHK1, TMED7-TICAM2, PSC, VNN2, PROM1, UPK3B, H3P23, H3P28, TNFRSF11A, TNFRSF18, TP63, PDXK, CNTNAP1, DHX16, STK24, H3P19, LOH19CR1, WASHC1, WASH6P, LPAR2, MIR146A, APOBEC3B, SPAG6, CLOCK, ATG5, MIR142, AIM2, ABCG2, PCSK9, MIR155, NCF1, PPIG, MIR29A, VN1R17P, GPR166P, CD163, MIR451A, CXADRP1, ARHGEF2, CERS1, SPINK5, MASP2, GEMIN4, ACD, TLR8, MPPE1, MCPH1, HSPA14, RNF34, TMED7, ARMC9, PPP1R2C, IL22, TRAF3IP2, A1CF, PDCD1LG2, SLC44A4, SGSM3, MCAT, HPGDS, B3GAT1, ROPN1L, PHGDH, RAB14, IL23A, ABCG4, IFIH1, CFC1, BTNL2, MARCHF1, POLE4, CMC2, TMED9, ACKR3, PDXP, RHOF, AICDA, POLD4, RBM25, TOLLIP, TREM1, LGR6, ADA2, BACH2, ERAP1, GOLPH3, PARS2, KRT88P, TRIM5, IL17RE, CHP1, GPR151, NRSN1, EIF5AL1, CD160, APCDD1, ERFE, OXER1, DNAJB1P1, DSTN, GPRC6A, CCNI, ADIRF, EBNA1BP2, TMED2, EHD1, RNPS1, HPSE, SEPTIN9, SCLT1, NT5C2, SLC25A21, LEO1, NLRP12, TIMD4, CDCA5, DBA2, CARD16, PTPMT1, CGAS, RAB39B, TADA1, MRGPRX3, MRGPRX4, PGLS, PANX1, SPO11, LPAR3, CBX5, POFUT2, SPPL3, NBEAL2, LUC7L, PTPRC, FGF23, EIF5, FLT3LG, FLT1, FECH, FBN2, FBN1, FANCD2, F3, EPO, ENO2, ADGRE1, ELK4, ELF4, EIF5A, EIF4G2, CXADR, EGR3, EDNRA, EDN1, S1PR3, RCAN1, ATN1, DNMT1, DEFB4A, DHX9, ACE, DBP, CYP1A2, CYC1, GABPA, GCHFR, GDF1, GPR42, IL4R, IL1R1, IGFBP1, IFNGR1, IFNB1, IFNA2, IFI27, IDE, HTN3, HSPA9, HSD11B1, HRES1, HPRT1, HPR, HPGD, HMGB1, HLA-DOA, UBE2K, HGF, SERPIND1, HBG1, GTF3A, GSTT1, GSN, GPX1, GPT, GRK5, CYBB, CTSL, IL9, ANXA1, C3, BSG, BRS3, BRCA2, PRDM1, BCL2, BAX, ASPA, ASIP, ARR3, NUDT2, ANXA7, ANXA4, ANPEP, CSH2, AMBP, ALOX5, ALB, AHR, AFP, ADSL, ADRA2B, ADRA1A, ADORA2A, ADH1B, ADA, ACP1, ACACA, CAST, CASR, CD1B, CD1C, CSH1, CSF1R, CSF1, CS, CRYZ, CREM, CR2, CLDN4, CPB1, CNTF, CCR4, CLU, ERCC8, CTSC, CEL, CDC25C, CD69, CD68, CD40, ENTPD1, CD34, CD28, CD19, CD14, CD9, CD1E, CD1D, IL5, IL12A, FOSL1, SELE, SPTA1, SPP1, SPINK1, SPG7, SOD3, SOD1, SMN1, SLC16A1, SLC11A1, SLC6A7, SLC2A1, SGCG, SET, SEA, ABCA1, SDC1, CXCL5, CCL22, CCL18, CCL3L1, CCL3, CCL1, SAFB, SORT1, RPS19, RBP2, RANBP2, PEX19, SSR2, SSTR4, DENND2B, STAT6, DDX39B, PRRC2A, PFBI, RAB7A, CXCR4, MOGS, ZBTB16, TRPV1, VCP, USP1, TYRP1, TTR, TTPA, TRPC1, TRP-AGG2-5, TPO, TPH1, TNFRSF1B, TLR3, TGFB2, TRBV20OR9-2, TCN2, HNF1A, TADA2A, ADAM17, TAC1, STK3, PTPRH, PTHLH, IL15, KIR3DS1, MAL, MAF, LTB, LTA, LMAN1, LEPR, LDLR, LCN2, LBR, RPSA, LAG3, KRT13, KNG1, KIR2DS5, PSMD9, KIR2DL3, KIR2DL2, KDR, KCNG1, KARS1, ITPA, ITGB2, ITGAM, ITGAL, CXCL10, IDO1, ILF3, IL18, MAP2, MAP6, MEFV, MVD, PSMD7, PSMD2, PSMB9, PSEN1, PSAP, PRSS1, PROC, MAP2K1, PRKG1, PRKAR1A, PPP1R1A, PPARG, SEPTIN4, PLP1, PGM1, PGAM1, P2RX7, SLC22A18, TNFRSF11B, OMD, ODC1, NOS3, NQO2, NFE2L2, NEK2, MYD88, MYC, H3P5
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Lymphatic Filariasis
Wikipedia
Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms None, severe swelling of the arms, legs, breasts, or genitals [2] Causes Filarial worms spread by mosquitos [3] Diagnostic method Microscopic examination of blood [4] Prevention Bed nets , mass deworming [2] Medication Albendazole with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine [2] Frequency 38.5 million (2015) [5] Lymphatic filariasis is a human disease caused by parasitic worms known as filarial worms . [2] [3] Most cases of the disease have no symptoms . [2] Some people, however, develop a syndrome called elephantiasis , which is marked by severe swelling in the arms, legs, breasts , or genitals . [2] [6] The skin may become thicker as well, and the condition may become painful. [2] The changes to the body have the potential to harm the person's social and economic situation. [2] The worms are spread by the bites of infected mosquitoes . [2] Three types of worms are known to cause the disease: Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi , and Brugia timori , with Wuchereria bancrofti being the most common. [2] These worms damage the lymphatic system . [2] The disease is diagnosed by microscopic examination of blood collected during the night. [4] The blood is typically examined as a smear after being stained with Giemsa stain . [4] Testing the blood for antibodies against the disease may also permit diagnosis. [4] Other roundworms from the same family are responsible for river blindness . [7] Prevention can be achieved by treating entire groups in which the disease exists, known as mass deworming . [2] This is done every year for about six years, in an effort to rid a population of the disease entirely. [2] Medications used include antiparasitics such as albendazole with ivermectin , or albendazole with diethylcarbamazine . [2] The medications do not kill the adult worms but prevent further spread of the disease until the worms die on their own. [2] Efforts to prevent mosquito bites are also recommended, including reducing the number of mosquitoes and promoting the use of bed nets . [2] In 2015 about 38.5 million people were infected. [5] About 950 million people are at risk of the disease in 54 countries. [2] It is most common in tropical Africa and Asia. [2] Lymphatic filariasis is classified as a neglected tropical disease and one of the four main worm infections . [7] The impact of the disease results in economic losses of billions of dollars a year. [2] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 3 Diagnosis 4 Prevention 5 Treatment 5.1 Anthelmintic 5.2 Antibiotics 5.3 Vaccine 5.4 Supportive treatments 6 Epidemiology 7 History 8 Research directions 9 References 10 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] The most spectacular symptom of lymphatic filariasis is elephantiasis , a stage 3 lymphedema with thickening of the skin and underlying tissues. ... Avoiding mosquito bites, such as by using insecticide -treated mosquito bed nets , also reduces the transmission of lymphatic filariasis. [19] [22] The Carter Center 's International Task Force for Disease Eradication declared lymphatic filariasis one of six potentially eradicable diseases. [19] According to medical experts, the worldwide effort to eliminate lymphatic filariasis is on track to potentially succeed by 2020. [23] For similar-looking but causally unrelated podoconiosis , international awareness of the disease will have to increase before elimination is possible. ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : B74 ICD - 9-CM : 125.0 - 125.9 MeSH : D005368 External resources eMedicine : derm/888 v t e Eradication of infectious diseases Eradication of human diseases Successful Smallpox / Alastrim ( Eradication of smallpox ) Underway (global) Dracunculiasis ( Eradication of dracunculiasis ) Poliomyelitis ( Eradication of poliomyelitis ) Malaria ( Eradication of malaria ) Yaws ( Eradication of yaws ) Underway (regional) Hookworm Lymphatic filariasis Measles vaccine epidemiology Rubella Trachoma Onchocerciasis Syphilis Rabies Eradication of agricultural diseases Successful Rinderpest ( Eradication of rinderpest ) Underway Ovine rinderpest Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Eradication programs Global Global Polio Eradication Initiative Global Certification Commission Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance Regional United States Boll Weevil Eradication Program National Malaria Eradication Program India India National PolioPlus Pulse Polio Poliomyelitis in Pakistan Every Last Child The Final Inch Related topics Globalization and disease Mathematical modelling of disease Pandemic Transmission horizontal vertical Vaccination Zoonosis
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Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Wikipedia
PanNETs are a type of neuroendocrine tumor , representing about one third of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). Many PanNETs are benign , while some are malignant . ... However, morphological imaging alone is not sufficient for a definite diagnosis [14] [16] On biopsy , immunohistochemistry is generally positive for chromogranin and synaptophysin . [17] Genetic testing thereof typically shows altered MEN1 and DAXX / ATRX . [17] Staging [ edit ] The 2010 WHO classification of tumors of the digestive system grades all the neuroendocrine tumors into three categories, based on their degree of cellular differentiation (from well-differentiated "NET G1" through to poorly-differentiated "NET G3"). ... Combinations of several medicines have been used, such as doxorubicin with streptozocin and fluorouracil (5-FU) [12] and capecitabine with temozolomide. [ citation needed ] Although marginally effective in well-differentiated PETs, cisplatin with etoposide has some activity in poorly differentiated neuroendocrine cancers (PDNECs), [12] particularly if the PDNEC has an extremely high Ki-67 score of over 50%. [8] : 30 Several targeted therapy agents have been approved in PanNETs by the FDA based on improved progression-free survival (PFS): everolimus (Afinitor) is labeled for treatment of progressive neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin in patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic disease. [20] [21] The safety and effectiveness of everolimus in carcinoid tumors have not been established. [20] [21] sunitinib (Sutent) is labeled for treatment of progressive, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease. [22] [23] Sutent also has approval from the European Commission for the treatment of 'unresectable or metastatic, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors with disease progression in adults'. [24] A phase III study of sunitinib treatment in well differentiated pNET that had worsened within the past 12 months (either advanced or metastatic disease) showed that sunitinib treatment improved progression-free survival (11.4 months vs. 5.5 months), overall survival , and the objective response rate (9.3% vs. 0.0%) when compared with placebo. [25] Genetics [ edit ] Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors may arise in the context of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 , Von Hippel–Lindau disease , neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) or tuberose sclerosis (TSC) [26] [27] Analysis of somatic DNA mutations in well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors identified four important findings: [28] [6] as expected, the genes mutated in NETs, MEN1 , ATRX , DAXX , TSC2 , PTEN and PIK3CA , [28] are different from the mutated genes previously found in pancreatic adenocarcinoma . [29] [30] one in six well-differentiated pancreatic NETs have mutations in mTOR pathway genes, such as TSC2 , PTEN and PIK3CA . [28] The sequencing discovery might allow selection of which NETs would benefit from mTOR inhibition such as with everolimus , but this awaits validation in a clinical trial . mutations affecting a new cancer pathway involving ATRX and DAXX genes were found in about 40% of pancreatic NETs. [28] The proteins encoded by ATRX and DAXX participate in chromatin remodeling of telomeres ; [31] these mutations are associated with a telomerase -independent maintenance mechanism termed ALT (alternative lengthening of telomeres) that results in abnormally long telomeric ends of chromosomes . [31] ATRX / DAXX and MEN1 mutations were associated with a better prognosis . [28] References [ edit ] ^ Burns WR, Edil BH (March 2012).
- Dowling-Degos Disease GARD
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List Of Fibrinogen Disorders
Wikipedia
Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis . 15 (5): 876–888. doi : 10.1111/jth.13655 . PMID 28211264 . ^ Caimi G, Canino B, Lo Presti R, Urso C, Hopps E (2017).
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Azotemia, Familial
OMIM
Furthermore, urea is reabsorbed actively by the tubule; this process is apparently brought into play particularly in states of low protein intake. Net reabsorption might be due to exaggerated active reabsorption or to deficient secretion.
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Insulinoma
GARD
Insulinoma is a type of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pancreatic NET), which refers to a group of rare tumors that form in the hormone-making cells of the pancreas.MEN1, RPS15, CDKN2B, CDKN2C, IAPP, GCG, CDKN1B, CDKN1A, SST, FOXM1, GLP1R, PDX1, INS, IL1B, RIT2, PTPRN2, GAD1, EHMT1, IGF2, ZGLP1, CDKN2A, SLC30A8, SLC30A10, GCK, SSTR2, FFAR1, YY1, LEP, DPP4, INSM1, MNX1, HSPD1, GAD2, SLC2A2, CASR, RALBP1, RIPK1, PDHX, BTC, UQCRFS1, TP53, TGM2, SSTR5, CDKN1C, INSR, ABCC8, SLC6A2, SSTR4, SSTR3, WFS1, NIT1, SERPINA1, PTPRN, GIP, GCKR, CORO1A, H3P47, PRL, H3P10, ERBB2, GAST, EGR1, ELK3, CALCA, CASP3, EPHB1, G6PC, DLK1, CCN5, SQSTM1, PTTG1, GCM2, LHX2, KL, MAPK8IP1, INSL5, IRS2, ZNRD2, KHDRBS1, DCTN6, LILRB1, FASTK, CCND1, PDIA5, FAS, ATF6, KDM1A, PDZD2, BCL2, BRCA1, TNKS, PLA2G6, HNF1A, TCF19, TGFA, TGFB1, CASP8, THBD, TKT, TSPAN7, TPD52, TRP-AGG2-5, TRPC1, EIPR1, TXN, TYRP1, UCP2, VDR, CACNA1D, BRAF, STAB1, ERP44, NUP62, KCNH4, CAT, KCNH8, GPR119, STOML3, AKT1, HCAR2, GOLGA6A, TICAM2, HES3, MIR107, MIR144, MIR155, MIR204, MIR21, MIR375, INS-IGF2, ADSS2, TMED7-TICAM2, ECT, LINC02210-CRHR1, H3P23, ADM, SLC22A12, TXNDC5, TRABD, RCBTB1, FGF21, MCAT, MCTS1, TMED7, ADIPOR1, DCTN4, CDKAL1, SLC25A38, BANK1, MEG3, ZC3H12A, APOC2, SOX6, SELENOS, IGSF9, SEMA6A, HAMP, G6PC2, PDIA2, ANGPT2, SYP, STAT5A, STC1, STAT5B, KCNJ1, KCNJ6, KRT8, KRT16, KRT19, DECR1, LEPR, LGALS3, LMO2, EPCAM, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, MAPT, MC2R, MDK, RAB8A, CUX1, MET, CIITA, MLH1, EGF, EGFR, INPPL1, HK1, MTOR, FGF13, GNA12, GPD2, FBN1, GRN, GSK3B, GSR, GTF2H1, ESR2, ELK1, HLA-DQB1, HMGN2, HNF4A, EPHB2, IFI27, IGFBP1, IGFBP2, IL4, IL10, MRC1, NCAM1, NEDD4, SLC2A1, RAP1A, REG1A, CPE, CMA1, S100A8, SCT, CCL2, CXCL12, SDHD, CHGA, RAB3A, CDKN2D, SLC16A1, SNX1, CDC42, CDK1, CCND3, CCNC, CCK, STAT1, RANBP2, CR2, NF1, PIK3CG, NFE2L1, CTSB, NME1, OPA1, PAX4, PAX6, PCSK1, ENPP1, CTNNB1, PKD1, CRHR1, POLD1, MAPK1, MAPK3, MAPK8, ADCYAP1, PRSS1, PSEN2, PSMD9, PTEN, ACO2
- Sneddon Syndrome GARD