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Rowell's Syndrome
Wikipedia
"Lupus Erythematosus and Erythema Multiforme-like Lesions: A Syndrome With Characteristic Immunological Abnormalities". Archives of Dermatology . 88 : 176–80. doi : 10.1001/archderm.1963.01590200064012 . ... Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology . 19 (5): 621–7. doi : 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01233.x . PMID 16164723 . Duarte AF, Mota A, Pereira M, Baudrier T, Azevedo F (2008).
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Alexithymia
Wikipedia
Journal of Psychosomatic Research . 38 (1): 23–32. doi : 10.1016/0022-3999(94)90005-1 . PMID 8126686 . ^ Vorst HC, Bermond B (2001). ... "Alexithymia, not autism, is associated with impaired interoception" . Cortex . 81 : 215–220. doi : 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.03.021 . ... CiteSeerX 10.1.1.533.7505 . doi : 10.1097/01.psy.0000181278.92249.e5 . PMID 16204442 . S2CID 22630865 . ^ Becerra R, Amos A, Jongenelis S (July 2002). ... Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics . 67 (2): 75–80. doi : 10.1159/000012263 . PMID 9556198 . ... Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics . 74 (2): 81–92. doi : 10.1159/000083166 . PMID 15741757 .
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Laryngitis
Wikipedia
Less frequently used treatments include intralesional injections or laser resection. [1] Prognosis [ edit ] Acute [ edit ] Acute laryngitis may persist, but will typically resolve on its own within two weeks. [1] Recovery is likely to be quick if the patient follows the treatment plan. [19] In viral laryngitis, symptoms can persist for an extended period, even when upper respiratory tract inflammation has been resolved. [17] Chronic [ edit ] Laryngitis that continues for more than three weeks is considered chronic . [1] If laryngeal symptoms last for more than three weeks, a referral should be made for further examination, including direct laryngoscopy . [1] The prognosis for chronic laryngitis varies depending on the cause of the laryngitis. [19] References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf Wood, John M.; Athanasiadis, Theodore; Allen, Jacqui (9 October 2014). ... Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. ^ a b c Reveiz, L; Cardona, AF (23 May 2015). "Antibiotics for acute laryngitis in adults" .
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Pmm2 Deficiency
Wikipedia
"Mutations in PMM2, a phosphomannomutase gene on chromosome 16p13, in carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein type I syndrome (Jaeken syndrome)". Nature Genetics . 16 (1): 88–92. doi : 10.1038/ng0597-88 . PMID 9140401 . ^ Al-Maawali AA, Miller E, Schulze A, Yoon G, Blaser SI (February 2014). ... PMID 24037084 . ^ Izquierdo-Serra M, Martínez-Monseny AF, López L, Carrillo-García J, Edo A, Ortigoza-Escobar JD, et al. ... PMID 29470411 . ^ Serrano NL, De Diego V, Cuadras D, Martinez Monseny AF, Velázquez-Fragua R, López L, Felipe A, Gutiérrez-Solana LG, Macaya A, Pérez-Dueñas B, Serrano M (September 2017). ... PMID 28915903 . ^ de Diego V, Martínez-Monseny AF, Muchart J, Cuadras D, Montero R, Artuch R, Pérez-Cerdá C, Pérez B, Pérez-Dueñas B, Poretti A, Serrano M (September 2017).
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Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, App-Related
Omim
Yamada et al. (1996) reported a lack of association between the E4 allele and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in elderly Japanese patients. Nicoll et al. (1996, 1997) did not find an association between the E4 allele and CAA-related hemorrhage. However, they did find a high frequency of the E2 allele in patients with CAA-related hemorrhage, regardless of the presence of AD. ... The authors suggested that apolipoprotein E2 and E4 might promote hemorrhage through separate mechanisms: E4 by enhancing amyloid deposition and E2 by promoting rupture. ... O'Donnell et al. (2000) identified a specific apolipoprotein E genotype as a risk factor for early recurrence: carriers of the E2 (107741.0001) or E4 (107741.0016) allele had an increased risk for early recurrence compared to individuals with the E3/E3 (107741.0015) genotype.
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Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
Wikipedia
PMID 7660481 . ^ a b c Fett JD, Christie LG, Carraway RD, Ansari AA, Sundstrom JB, Murphy JG (August 2005). "Unrecognized peripartum cardiomyopathy in Haitian women". Int J Gynaecol Obstet . 90 (2): 161–6. doi : 10.1016/j.ijgo.2005.05.004 . ... Cardiovasc Surg . 7 (5): 565–7. doi : 10.1016/S0967-2109(99)00014-9 . PMID 10499901 . ^ Hilfiker-Kleiner, D.; Haghikia, A.; Nonhoff, J.; Bauersachs, J. (2015-05-02). ... "Myocarditis and long-term survival in peripartum cardiomyopathy". Am. Heart J . 140 (5): 785–91. doi : 10.1067/mhj.2000.110091 . PMID 11054626 . ^ a b Palmer BA, Janosko KM, McTiernan C, Sherman F, McNamara DM (2007). ... "Five-year prospective study of the incidence and prognosis of peripartum cardiomyopathy at a single institution" (PDF) . Mayo Clin. Proc . 80 (12): 1602–6. doi : 10.4065/80.12.1602 .
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Chemotherapy-Induced Acral Erythema
Wikipedia
Palmar-plantar rash with cytarabine therapy". N. Engl. J. Med . 364 (3): e5. doi : 10.1056/NEJMicm1006530 . PMID 21247311 . ^ a b c Baack BR, Burgdorf WH (1991). ... Dermatol . 24 (3): 457–61. doi : 10.1016/0190-9622(91)70073-b . PMID 2061446 . ^ Demirçay Z, Gürbüz O, Alpdoğan TB, Yücelten D, Alpdoğan O, Kurtkaya O, Bayik M (1997). ... "Erythematous eruption of the palms and soles associated with mitotane therapy". Dermatologica . 148 (2): 90–2. doi : 10.1159/000251603 . PMID 4276191 .
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Scott Syndrome
Wikipedia
Characterization of lymphocyte responses to Ca2+ in Scott syndrome. Thromb Haemost 2004; 91:412-415 ^ Sims PJ, Wiedmer T. Unraveling the mysteries of phospholipid scrambling. ... Platelet activation and blood coagulation, Thromb Haem 2002; 88:186-194 Martinez MC, Martin S, Toti F, Fressinaud E, Dachary-Prigent J, Meyer D, et al. ... Thromb Haemost 2003; 89:687-695 Weiss HJ, Vicic WJ, Lages BA, Rogers J. Isolated deficiency of platelet procoagulant activity. ... Production and characterization of transformed B-lymphocytes expressing the membrane defect of Scott Syndrome. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:2237-2244 Stout JG, Basse F, Luhm RA, Weiss HJ, Wiedmer T, Sims PJ. Scott syndrome erythrocytes contain a membrane protein capable of mediating Ca2+-dependent transbilayer migration of membrane phospholipids. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:2232-2238 Albrecht C, McVey JH, Elliott JI, Sardini A, Kasza I, Mumford AD, et al.
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Murcs Association
Wikipedia
. ^ Mahajan, P; Kher, A; Khungar, A; Bhat, M; Sanklecha, M; Bharucha, BA (Jul–Sep 1992). "MURCS association--a review of 7 cases". ... "MURCS association with additional congenital anomalies". Human Pathology . 17 (1): 88–91. doi : 10.1016/s0046-8177(86)80160-5 .
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Allodynia
Wikipedia
"Effects of single and repeated applications of a eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA) cream on spontaneous and evoked pain in post-herpetic neuralgia". Pain . 81 (1–2): 203–9. doi : 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00014-7 . ... Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet http://diss.kib.ki.se/2010/978-91-7457-025-0/thesis.pdf ^ Hofstetter CP, Holmström NA, Lilja JA (March 2005). ... S2CID 37627042 . ^ a b Zhao P, Waxman SG, Hains BC (2007). "Modulation of thalamic nociceptive processing after spinal cord injury through remote activation of thalamic microglia by cysteine cysteine chemokine ligand 21" . ... "All-trans retinoic acid induces COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells: involvement of retinoic acid receptors and extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2" . ... PMID 17204142 . ^ Rukwied R, Chizh BA, Lorenz U (2007). "Potentiation of nociceptive responses to low pH injections in humans by prostaglandin E2" .ADM, MAPK1, PTHLH, PTGS2, PTGS1, PTGER1, MAPK9, MAPK8, MAPK7, MAPK3, PRKCZ, AGER, PRKCG, PRKCE, PNOC, PDYN, P2RX3, OPRM1, TNFRSF11B, NTF3, RAF1, SCN10A, CCL2, SPARC, TRPV4, SLC12A5, GAL, P2RX2, SCN11A, PROKR1, MFN2, CARTPT, TRPA1, CACNA1H, TRPV1, VIP, TNF, THBD, TACR1, TAC1, SYN2, NOS2, NOS1, NGF, FOS, DRD3, CSK, CRHR1, COMT, CNR2, CNR1, CCKBR, CAMK2A, CALCA, CACNA2D1, BDKRB2, BDKRB1, AVP, ALOX5, ALOX12, AIF1, AGT, EDN1, GDNF, MPZ, GFAP, MMP3, MC1R, KNG1, ITGA2, INSR, IL10, CXCL8, IL6, IL1RN, IL1B, IL1A, IGF1, HTR2A, HOXD1, HMGB1, GRIN2B, GRIN1, PROK2
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Down Syndrome
Wikipedia
They are typically used in combination to increase the detection rate. [20] None can be definitive, thus if screening is positive, either amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling is required to confirm the diagnosis. [80] Screening in both the first and second trimesters is better than just screening in the first trimester. [80] The different screening techniques in use are able to pick up 90–95% of cases, with a false-positive rate of 2–5%. [81] If Down syndrome occurs in one in 500 pregnancies and the test used has a 5% false-positive rate, this means, of 26 women who test positive on screening, only one will have Down syndrome confirmed. [81] If the screening test has a 2% false-positive rate, this means one of eleven who test positive on screening have a fetus with Down syndrome. [81] First- and second-trimester screening [80] Screen Week of pregnancy when performed Detection rate False positive Description Combined test 10–13.5 wks 82–87% 5% Uses ultrasound to measure nuchal translucency in addition to blood tests for free or total beta-hCG and PAPP-A Quad screen 15–20 wks 81% 5% Measures the maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated estriol, hCG, and inhibin -A Integrated test 15–20 wks 94–96% 5% Is a combination of the quad screen, PAPP-A, and NT Cell-free fetal DNA From 10 wks [86] 96–100% [87] 0.3% [88] A blood sample is taken from the mother by venipuncture and is sent for DNA analysis. ... Findings that indicate increased risk when seen at 14 to 24 weeks of gestation include a small or no nasal bone, large ventricles , nuchal fold thickness , and an abnormal right subclavian artery , among others. [89] The presence or absence of many markers is more accurate. [89] Increased fetal nuchal translucency (NT) indicates an increased risk of Down syndrome picking up 75–80% of cases and being falsely positive in 6%. [90] Ultrasound of fetus with Down syndrome showing a large bladder Enlarged NT and absent nasal bone in a fetus at 11 weeks with Down syndrome Blood tests Several blood markers can be measured to predict the risk of Down syndrome during the first or second trimester. [81] [91] Testing in both trimesters is sometimes recommended and test results are often combined with ultrasound results. [81] In the second trimester, often two or three tests are used in combination with two or three of: α-fetoprotein , unconjugated estriol, total hCG, and free βhCG detecting about 60–70% of cases. [91] Testing of the mother's blood for fetal DNA is being studied and appears promising in the first trimester. [87] [92] The International Society for Prenatal Diagnosis considers it a reasonable screening option for those women whose pregnancies are at a high risk for trisomy 21. [93] Accuracy has been reported at 98.6% in the first trimester of pregnancy. [20] Confirmatory testing by invasive techniques (amniocentesis, CVS) is still required to confirm the screening result. [93] Management Efforts such as early childhood intervention , screening for common problems, medical treatment where indicated, a good family environment, and work-related training can improve the development of children with Down syndrome. ... Retrieved 20 March 2012 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Malt, EA; Dahl, RC; Haugsand, TM; Ulvestad, IH; Emilsen, NM; Hansen, B; Cardenas, YE; Skøld, RO; Thorsen, AT; Davidsen, EM (Feb 5, 2013). ... Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening . 133 (3): 290–94. doi : 10.4045/tidsskr.12.0390 . PMID 23381164 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Kliegma, Robert M. (2011). ... PMID 25530442 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Hickey, F; Hickey, E; Summar, KL (2012).S100B, SLC19A1, MTHFR, GATA1, RCAN1, SOD1, MIR155, DCR, MIR802, PRDX2, MIR125B2, MIR99A, VIP, PRDX6, CXCL8, CALCA, MIRLET7C, NTF3, GSTM2, DYRK1A, RPLP0, CBS, ETS2, ERG, JAK2, DSCAM, MAPT, CRLF2, MTR, MTRR, RUNX1, TP53, PAPPA, ACTB, APP, CBSL, APOE, AFP, SIM2, RFC1, PSEN1, COL6A1, TTC3, HTC2, CGB3, TNF, S100A1, CGA, POTEF, BACE1, BDNF, SOAT1, KCNJ6, CCL4L1, CCL4, CCL4L2, PLAC4, CGB5, CGB8, COL6A2, IL1B, IL6, CRELD1, DNMT3B, MECP2, SOD2, OLIG2, BACE2, ETV6, PGF, CASP3, RET, HLCS, GET1, EDNRB, PCNT, HMGN1, NEFL, IFNA1, SERPINA1, IFNG, IL1A, DOP1B, SYNJ1, IFNA13, MCIDAS, CAT, AIRE, ABL1, XPNPEP1, SH3BGR, CD6, SQSTM1, CHDH, ITSN1, ENO2, PRNP, SLC25A1, ADAM12, BHMT, IL10, CD19, POLB, CD34, MIR1246, DICER1, ITGB2, EZH2, FABP7, PTCH1, VEGFA, PIGP, GFAP, DNMT3L, CBR1, GART, GAPDH, RAB5A, ALB, HLA-A, PABPC4, TNFRSF10C, CHAF1B, AKT1, SUCLA2, CCL2, SET, FANCB, JAK3, REST, PCP4, BACH1, BCL2, CSF2, MTHFD1, BCHE, LEP, NOS3, CDKN2A, COL18A1, UBB, LAMC2, SNX27, HT, KIT, NFATC1, NGF, USP25, OXA1L, RENBP, NFIC, ABCG1, USP16, PRDX1, NFIB, CCND1, PTGS2, HMOX1, HMGB1, MX1, CALB2, NOP53, NCAM2, NFIA, MMP9, TRIB1, IKZF1, DSCR4, MPL, PIK3CD, KMT2A, APOA1, OPN1SW, BCR, ABCB1, ITGAM, ITGA2B, TARDBP, PKNOX1, INHA, ADIPOQ, RASSF1, PML, PFKL, IL10RB, IL2RA, IL2, IL1RN, IMMT, IGFBP7, STIP1, PRDX3, IFNAR2, RELN, TP73, IFIT3, CFAP410, NAE1, BCAR1, GRIK1, NFIX, GJB2, DHFR, U2AF1, CTNNB1, CTNND1, SYP, DBN1, DCK, DLX4, XRCC1, CD63, DPYSL2, SORL1, CD59, TMX2-CTNND1, MYL7, CSTB, TCN2, CSF3, CSE1L, TYMS, H3P7, TWIST1, ERVH48-1, TTN, P2RY8, COMT, TSHR, TGFB1, TGM2, ESCO1, TNFRSF1A, TPO, SLC12A5, CDA, FLT3, RHD, FAM3B, GATA4, FN1, TREM2, MTOR, PICALM, ARHGEF5, TRRAP, MATR3, USP9X, TXN, VAMP8, PSG10P, POU5F1P4, TNFSF10, TP63, TYRP1, GATD3A, APOBEC3B, MIR590, CCR2, GDF15, TTR, MIR3197, AKR7A2, RCAN2, LOH19CR1, DENR, H3P9, TPTE, HSP90B1, TRH, TRPM2, TSC2, MIR486-1, FXR2, ACTR2, PDXK, DNM1L, POU5F1P3, MAGI2, TMEM72, ZEB2, SCRN1, PHYHIP, ADAMTS1, YWHAG, DSCAM-AS1, GATD3B, EIF2B4, ZMYM2, IL1RL1, EIF2B2, RNF103-CHMP3, AVSD1, LPAR2, UBA3, FAS-AS1, MAP3K14, WT1, XIST, ZFY, HAP1, BCL10, EIF2S2, MTRNR2L12, COX5A, RECQL4, ZNF587B, NTN1, EIF2AK3, MIR3196, NRIP1, ABCG2, UBE3A, USP5, SOD2-OT1, UTRN, UVRAG, USP7, LINC02605, VIPR1, BEST1, MIR1973, MCM3AP, PAX8, VPREB1, TET3, SDS, DCAF7, ACKR3, ENOSF1, KIF21A, SEPTIN11, PARD3, NPDC1, SLC12A9, PLSCR4, STRBP, ACTR3B, AICDA, LRRC47, NUFIP2, MRTFA, RNF213, MIA3, RTL1, DCTN4, RBM11, NT5C3A, PRRX2, TDP2, CHMP3, RIPPLY3, BRWD1, SETD4, PACC1, RIPK4, C21orf91, RBFOX1, TET2, PGPEP1, STX17, LSM2, PRM3, HPSE2, TAF8, AP5B1, UBXN11, SLC13A5, MYL12B, PRRT2, DSCR9, AHSA2P, PRDM16, VENTXP1, LYPD4, STRC, TMPRSS6, ARX, HEPACAM, BAGE2, TMEM241, GLIS2, COL25A1, FGFBP2, ARHGAP24, MED25, LPAL2, TET1, DERL1, TAS2R62P, NANOS3, WNK1, GORASP1, CPEB1, NOD2, SAMSN1, HSPA14, COPS4, EFS, CKAP4, NES, ARPP19, PPARGC1A, PSG8, SUB1, PRSS21, DHFR2, CXCR6, STMN2, MMRN1, MCF2L, ICOSLG, SYNM, ANGPTL2, CHL1, KHDRBS1, APH1A, SLC9A6, TUBB3, RACK1, PEMT, OLFM1, MCRS1, MAD2L2, PLF, MYL12A, CIB1, DPYSL4, MRPL28, GNLY, AHSA1, SPAG5, HEY2, TMEM131, MORC3, REM1, CRCP, APEX2, HPGDS, MIR145, SGSM3, IGHV1-12, NXT1, FAM215A, LGALS13, CNOT7, GMPPA, ZBTB21, IL22, GMNN, GPR162, B3GAT1, CKAP2, PLA2G2D, APPL1, MIR146A, CHD5, MIR17, MTHFD1L, MIR183, MIR191, POC1A, MIR199B, MIR30C1, NUP62, MIR30C2, DAPK2, A1BG, PTH, TNNT2, EDNRA, EEF1A2, EGFR, EGR2, EGR3, EIF2B1, ELANE, ELK1, ENG, ENSA, EPAS1, ERBB2, ERCC2, ERCC3, ERF, ESR1, EEF1A1, E2F1, HP, DSG1, NKX2-5, CYP2B6, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, DBH, DBP, DGCR, DMD, DNAH8, DNASE1, DNMT1, DNMT3A, DPYSL3, DRD4, ATN1, ESR2, FABP3, FABP5, FBN2, GPT, GPX1, GPX3, GSN, GTF2H1, GYPA, GYPB, GYPE, HSD17B10, HAS2, CFH, HINT1, HLA-B, HLA-DQA1, HNMT, GPR42, GPI, GJA1, FLT1, FCGR3A, FCGR3B, FEB1, FGFR1, FGFR3, FLNA, FMR1, GHR, FYN, GABPA, GAD1, GAP43, GDI2, GH1, CST3, CRP, CRMP1, BTG1, ARNT, ARSA, STS, ARSD, ASPA, SERPINC1, AZGP1, BAX, BCL2L1, BCL6, BDKRB1, BGN, BLVRA, BMI1, BRS3, AQP4, APOC2, APOA2, ADRA1A, SERPINA3, ACO1, ACVR1, ADAR, PARP1, PARP4, ADRA2B, APEX1, ADRB2, AGA, AGTR1, AHSG, AMPH, ANK1, BST2, C9, CREB1, CA2, CHRNA7, CHRNB2, CLU, CCR5, CNR1, COL4A3, COL6A3, COL7A1, COX8A, CP, CPE, CPOX, CPS1, CPT1B, CR2, CHRNA4, CHRNA3, CHAT, CDK1, CAMP, CASP1, RUNX1T1, CD247, CD14, CD38, CDK6, CENPB, CDKN1A, CDKN1B, CDKN1C, CDKN2B, CEBPE, CECR, HNRNPA2B1, PRMT2, TLR4, PSMA5, PTPN4, PTPN11, PTPRF, PWP2, RAB4A, RARA, RBM4, RBP4, RCN1, RELA, BRD2, RPE65, RPL17, RPS19, RYR2, A2M, PSG5, HSPA4, PSEN2, PDYN, PGD, PIP4K2A, PLG, PLEK, PLTP, PRRX1, POLD1, PON1, POU5F1, PPP2CA, MAPK10, PRL, TMPRSS15, PSD, SETMAR, SFPQ, SRSF6, SH3BGRL, CDKL5, SYT1, TBX1, TCP1, TRBV20OR9-2, TEAD4, TERC, TFAM, TFCP2, TFF1, TG, THBS1, TIAM1, TIMP3, TLR2, HSPA13, STATH, STAT3, SLC6A4, SHBG, SHMT1, SHMT2, SHOX, SIM1, SLC5A3, SNAP25, STAT1, SNCA, FSCN1, SNRNP70, SOX11, SRY, SSTR4, PDGFB, PDE9A, PDE4C, MDM4, KCNE1, KCNJ15, KISS1, KNG1, KRT8, STMN1, LBP, LBR, LHCGR, LRP2, LTA4H, MAOA, MARK1, MBP, CD46, KCNA3, ITGAL, ISL1, IL7, HSPD1, ICAM1, IDE, IFNAR1, IGH, IL4, IL15, ISG20, IL16, IL17A, IDO1, INPP5D, INSL4, IRF1, MDM2, MME, PDE4B, MOS, NFKB1, NHS, NME1, NME2, NOS2, NPM1, NT5E, NTRK1, NR4A2, OCA2, PAH, PAK1, PAK3, PAX5, PCYT1A, NFE2L2, NFATC2, NEFH, RNR2, MPO, MRC1, MT2A, ATP6, ND3, MTNR1B, MYD88, NDUFV3, MYO9B, NACA, NAIP, NCAM1, NDUFA2, NDUFS3, H3P10
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Clavicle Fracture
Wikipedia
PMID 30666620 . ^ Zlowodzki M, Zelle BA, Cole PA, Jeray K, McKee MD (August 2005). ... Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma . 19 (7): 504–7. doi : 10.1097/01.bot.0000172287.44278.ef . PMID 16056089 . ^ Lenza M, Faloppa F (December 2016). ... PMID 27977849 . ^ Zlowodzki M, Zelle BA, Cole PA, Jeray K, McKee MD (August 2005). ... Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma . 19 (7): 504–7. doi : 10.1097/01.bot.0000172287.44278.ef . PMID 16056089 . ^ Khan LA, Bradnock TJ, Scott C, Robinson CM (February 2009). ... The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume . 91 (2): 447–60. doi : 10.2106/JBJS.H.00034 .
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Hypertension
Wikipedia
A chest X-ray or an echocardiogram may also be performed to look for signs of heart enlargement or damage to the heart. [23] Classification in adults [ edit ] Classification in adults (Persons with systolic and diastolic in different categories are assigned to the higher category. [7] ) Category Systolic , mmHg Diastolic , mmHg Hypotension < 90 < 60 Normal 90–119 [7] 90–129 [83] 60–79 [7] 60–84 [83] Prehypertension (high normal, elevated [7] ) 120–129 [7] 130–139 [83] [84] 60–79 [7] 85–89 [83] [84] Stage 1 hypertension 130-139 [7] 140–159 [83] 80-89 [7] 90–99 [83] Stage 2 hypertension >140 [7] 160–179 [83] >90 [7] 100–109 [83] Hypertensive crises ≥ 180 [7] ≥ 120 [7] Isolated systolic hypertension ≥ 140 [7] < 90 [7] Isolated diastolic hypertension [85] [86] < 140 ≥ 90 In people aged 18 years or older hypertension is defined as either a systolic or a diastolic blood pressure measurement consistently higher than an accepted normal value (this is above 129 or 139 mmHg systolic, 89 mmHg diastolic depending on the guideline). [5] [7] Other thresholds are used (135 mmHg systolic or 85 mmHg diastolic) if measurements are derived from 24-hour ambulatory or home monitoring. [73] Recent international hypertension guidelines have also created categories below the hypertensive range to indicate a continuum of risk with higher blood pressures in the normal range. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7) published in 2003 [27] uses the term prehypertension for blood pressure in the range 120–139 mmHg systolic or 80–89 mmHg diastolic, while European Society of Hypertension Guidelines (2007) [87] and British Hypertension Society (BHS) IV (2004) [88] use optimal, normal and high normal categories to subdivide pressures below 140 mmHg systolic and 90 mmHg diastolic. ... High blood pressure must be confirmed on repeated visits however before characterizing a child as having hypertension. [91] Prehypertension in children has been defined as average systolic or diastolic blood pressure that is greater than or equal to the 90th percentile, but less than the 95th percentile. [91] In adolescents, it has been proposed that hypertension and pre-hypertension are diagnosed and classified using the same criteria as in adults. [91] The value of routine screening for hypertension in children over the age of 3 years is debated. [92] [93] In 2004 the National High Blood Pressure Education Program recommended that children aged 3 years and older have blood pressure measurement at least once at every health care visit [91] and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and American Academy of Pediatrics made a similar recommendation. [94] However, the American Academy of Family Physicians [95] supports the view of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force that the available evidence is insufficient to determine the balance of benefits and harms of screening for hypertension in children and adolescents who do not have symptoms. [96] [97] Prevention [ edit ] Much of the disease burden of high blood pressure is experienced by people who are not labeled as hypertensive. [88] Consequently, population strategies are required to reduce the consequences of high blood pressure and reduce the need for antihypertensive medications. ... Annals of Internal Medicine . 162 (3): 184–91. doi : 10.7326/M14-0773 . PMID 25531552 .PPARG, APOA1, HSD11B2, MMP2, NOS3, ATP2B1, APOE, NR3C1, ECE1, GJA1, HIF1A, IL1B, CAV1, CAT, CYBA, AVP, NOX4, NOS2, CCL2, AGT, NPPB, ADRB1, REN, RGS2, AGTR2, KLK1, NPPA, NPR1, TNF, ADD1, CD36, MMP9, CRP, ACE, ACE2, TGFB1, LEP, IGF1, CYBB, EDNRA, PTGS2, EDN1, HMOX1, SERPINE1, AGTR1, UCP2, VWF, TH, UTS2, INS, HP, BDKRB2, PPARA, SOD1, GLP1R, ATP1A1, RGS5, AR, KCNMB1, SOD3, SOD2, SLC12A2, TRH, AQP1, GRK2, GJA5, TIMP1, OLR1, MTOR, VCAM1, BCL2, GPX1, ADRA2A, RELA, JUN, GSK3B, FOS, GAL, PRKCD, ADCY5, IKBKB, WNK1, WNK4, OXT, ATP1A2, ELN, HRH3, SCNN1B, SCNN1G, UMOD, ANXA1, SLC9A3R2, SCNN1A, TP53, GNAS, GUCY1A1, GCH1, CBS, FN1, COL3A1, PTH, POMC, COL1A1, GSTT1, TLR4, EPO, GNB3, CALCA, LPL, NEDD4L, SLC12A3, F12, VDR, CYP1A1, CYP11B1, ADIPOQ, KNG1, IL6, ALB, LEPR, STK39, GCG, ENG, HSD11B1, PLAT, ICAM1, FBN1, LOX, SELP, DRD2, SLC6A2, CCN2, AHR, EGFR, PLG, THBD, NCF1, C3, PRKG1, OXSR1, SH2B3, CXCR2, INPPL1, TRPC3, ERAP1, CMA1, ORAI1, PTPN1, CACNA1C, CLCNKA, GJA4, TGM2, CETP, AOC3, ALOX15, SLC6A18, STIM1, GCLC, TACR1, GSTP1, CRHR2, HTR2B, ALAD, VAV3, PTEN, DUSP5, KCNJ1, F11, IER3, MYO6, TRPC5, STK11, AOC1, UCN, ATP2B3, PROC, RPS6KB1, ITM2B, CELA2A, CHGA, CACNA2D1, NPTN, RALBP1, PPBP, GSTM1, NPY, ADRB2, ADRA2B, ADRA1A, GJC1, GSTT2, ADM, EDN3, CXCL2, ESR2, ATP6AP2, SLC9A3, MME, MYH7, MDH1, GNRH1, TPM1, APLN, FXYD2, LGALS3, ABCC1, CYP4A11, MYD88, GSTA5, ATOX1, REG3G, KL, LHB, MC2R, SLC5A2, NFE2L2, LTF, IL10, GP1BA, KDR, AGER, XDH, F3, MAS1, EDNRB, ARG1, CYP19A1, PNMT, NOS1, SLC8A1, CLOCK, AKT1, GSTM2, ACSM3, COMT, CHI3L1, IL1RN, DBH, MFN2, F11R, UTS2R, KCNQ1, APP, ADD2, AVPR1A, EPHX2, KCNA5, MMP7, CCR5, FADS1, HAVCR1, CDKN2A, SST, HDAC6, RAG1, SLC2A1, ALOX5, ADA, AQP2, FGF2, BDKRB1, ARG2, ARID1B, HSPD1, BECN1, EGLN1, NQO1, CRHR1, CNR1, ADAMTS16, BAX, MIF, CASP3, PDGFRB, AKT2, GNAI2, MAPK8, HTR1B, PRKCA, PTK2B, SRF, KYNU, CPS1, GRK5, AGTRAP, SLC6A3, CCL28, KCNJ11, TAC3, YWHAZ, HDAC8, SLC4A4, HSD3B1, TRHR, STS, UCP3, LRP2, CYP11A1, RHOA, NCF2, CTSC, ALOX12, NPY1R, SLC6A19, PLCD1, PRKCB, POSTN, CYP4F12, PDGFRA, IGF1R, RAMP2, F2R, SLC9A3R1, S1PR1, ABCC9, OPA1, IGFBP2, NISCH, NGF, LIPG, F7, KCNJ8, CLDN16, ENO1, ITGAV, KCNAB1, ATG7, CYP11B2, CYP17A1, ABAT, CORIN, AQP4, MTPN, HSPG2, CUL3, APOB, DUSP1, RFFL, DRD3, ACTC1, DYNLL1, TJP2, HSD17B4, CYP4A22, CD82, SQSTM1, FADD, GRK3, ADD3, GABBR1, ADORA1, RESP18, BAD, GNAI3, TNFRSF11B, ARHGDIA, H2AX, SLC2A3, NFKBIA, NGFR, KLHL3, RNPEP, RGS4, MAP1LC3A, CASP8, CASP9, RAD51, ATF2, OXTR, QDPR, PTPRJ, CCNE1, PTK2, PDGFB, ENTPD2, SERPINE2, PIK3R1, PKD1, PRKCE, MYOD1, COX5B, NR3C2, TACR3, FAH, ARRB2, HSD3B2, EP300, MC4R, ATP2A3, ATP5F1A, AVPR2, CDO1, NR2F2, TBXAS1, EIF4G2, MSX2, NUDT1, MYH9, SRC, COX2, BMPR2, BRCA1, KCNK3, LDLR, KCNJ5, ENPEP, PKD2, NOTCH3, FLT1, ACVRL1, PDE3A, FGF5, HFE, CACNB2, CFH, COX1, TGFBR2, JAK2, TRPC6, CDKN2B-AS1, ABCB6, ABCC6, CASZ1, STOX1, ENPP1, CACNA1H, PCSK9, ARHGAP42, LMNA, SMAD3, NT5C2, CFHR3, CCND1, SERPINA6, LYZ, CTLA4, ARMC5, PKHD1, FMR1, TET2, NOTCH1, NF1, MYH11, ANTXR2, B2M, FOXF1, MGP, TGFBR1, ALMS1, VHL, WT1, FMO3, CNNM2, ULK4, MKKS, GLA, PGPEP1, TGFBR3, RBM47, PLCE1, NFU1, TNFRSF11A, NOD2, TGFB3, TBX2, KRT8, SMAD6, CD46, MEF2A, HMBS, MOV10, L3MBTL4, ND1, MTTP, CFHR1, MYLK, ANGPTL6, FURIN, PLIN1, PMM2, PRKACA, PRTN3, ABCG8, IFIH1, GATA5, ATXN2, GRK6, RPTOR, H19, CD2AP, FGA, CYP21A2, CACNA1D, ACAT1, NKX2-5, CLCN2, ACTN4, COL4A1, CALR, BRCA2, CPOX, SRGAP3, OFD1, SESN2, MIR21, LRIG2, OR5B12, PDE11A, FGD4, BORCS7, TTC8, ADRB3, SLC25A11, DNAAF1, GPR101, ZNF831, ITGA8, PLEKHG1, ELP1, DBP, AGAP1, COL4A3, ZNF536, PAM16, BNC2, PDE8B, CRIP3, RAPGEF5, LRRC10B, PSTK, DECR1, APOL1, EML6, VANGL1, BMS1, CYP4F2, ARL6, BBS5, DIS3L2, PDE5A, MACROD2, STN1, EDA, PIK3CG, SMARCAL1, ERCC8, TRIM28, ND5, COQ7, SUGCT, MICALL2, XRCC4, ZMPSTE24, CFI, IDUA, DARS2, BBS10, ABCB1, PGF, LINC02875, SLC2A10, TMEM212, MKS1, INSR, MAFB, DPEP1, PLEKHH2, FAM131A, MFAP5, CEP290, IL17A, FGF23, TMEM70, BAG6, DPP4, FUZ, SGCZ, KRT18, WDPCP, COL4A4, COL4A5, TRNQ, TRNS1, TRNS2, SLC33A1, DNAJB11, TRNV, TRNW, MUC1, TAF1C, SELENBP1, P4HA2, TRIP13, SLC52A3, ALDH2, PHF21A, PGR-AS1, MYO9B, DYRK1B, ADA2, BBIP1, TMEM67, ND6, MTHFR, CYTB, COX3, TRNE, AIP, TRNC, TRNF, MMP14, TRNH, CST3, USP8, CERS5, TRNK, MPL, TRNL1, CEP19, BORCS7-ASMT, NLRP3, COL5A1, LPA, LZTFL1, LMX1B, CYP2J2, COL5A2, CYP3A4, NOTCH2, HOTTIP, ANGPT2, CYP3A5, MLXIPL, KLK4, NPHP1, TUBB6, IQCB1, PRRX1, BANF1, LRP6, NDUFS3, SMAD4, MAT2A, TARID, APLNR, ZDHHC2, KLHL29, NFATC2, NFIX, CYP2B6, PTPMT1, ADAMTSL4, CYP2C19, LYN, ANGPT1, APBB1IP, CCHCR1, LSP1, WRN, YES1, WNT2B, ERCC4, MTCO2P12, BBS2, GRK4, GPR39, CDH23, BBS4, GPR20, PTPN22, SWAP70, KIF1B, IFT172, ALX4, CAD, HPSE2, NSMCE2, HOXA-AS2, TRAF3IP1, GPT, TRIM32, SLC39A8, POU6F2, REST, ACACA, CAPZA1, ERCC6, BSCL2, TGFB2, ESR1, ABCG5, EIF4BP8, BBS1, CEP164, PON1, RNU1-4, EXT2, F2, FGF21, GML, LDLRAP1, EDA2R, LRRC7, G6PC, ZNF318, FRMD3, SLC12A1, BST1, KCTD1, ZFAT, COPD, SLC37A4, CC2D2A, NPHP4, WDR35, LEMD3, FOXE3, ARHGAP31, HECTD4, LINC00862, RGL3, GPC3, GH1, TRPV4, FES, VPS51, CFB, CUX2, RPGRIP1L, STK3, SGK1, FGFR2, LARS2, SHBG, RETN, SIRT1, SLC12A9, GBA, WDR19, NPHP3, HSPB8, ND4, HOXA3, BBS9, HLA-DPA1, HLA-DPB1, SLC22A7, CCDC28B, SDCCAG8, TM7SF2, HMGCS2, CDH18, PRKAR1A, ACTA2, PTPN11, C8orf37, TNXB, BBS12, TMEM237, PTGIS, HOXB7, HOXA11, FGD5, ATM, YY1AP1, TLR1, HBB, THPO, OSGEP, BBS7, IKZF5, INF2, POR, IFT27, RARRES2, INVS, POU3F4, AFG3L2, HGD, SLC52A2, VEGFA, ACTB, PPARGC1A, CLDN19, SPP1, FTO, CSK, CTNNB1, NOX1, HCRT, LCN2, HGF, GDF15, GSTK1, RNLS, DDAH1, CYP2C9, GABPA, PTX3, CSF2, F5, SLCO6A1, PIK3CD, GPR42, CABIN1, MAT2B, HSPA4, LPAR2, MMP3, PIK3CB, ACKR3, ANO1, CASR, PIK3CA, IL1A, RAC1, BEST1, HMGB1, NPR3, BDNF, BRS3, CLCNKB, THBS1, CXCR6, TXNRD3, MAPK3, LAMC2, EPAS1, SGSM3, SIRT3, PPIG, FAAH, IFNG, SSTR4, ARTN, TLR2, TRPV1, CD34, MOK, PITX2, ROS1, APRT, APOC3, BMP4, STAT3, SLC26A4, KLK3, PTGS1, ADAM17, PDC, SPHK1, MIR155, OR10A4, IRS1, SETD2, ROCK2, GPER1, MFAP1, AGRP, HPGDS, OSR1, IL18, DRD1, COL18A1, TNFRSF1B, ACR, MAPK1, CD59, CHDH, STK24, CYP2D6, ANPEP, ARSA, PPIA, MIR214, MIR29B1, APOA5, CHST3, MIR29A, P2RX7, DYM, ADORA2B, MIR204, IL4, CXCL8, ADRA1D, EGF, MIR145, MLC1, CRH, EMILIN1, RBP4, MTRR, SELPLG, TAC1, CYP1B1, CYP1A2, HDLBP, SELE, DUOX2, FAS, LOC102724197, PER1, ADM2, CX3CL1, MIR223, SLBP, SLC6A4, GCK, BTBD8, IGF2, SLC7A1, G6PD, GPR151, PPARGC1B, PLA2G7, MRGPRX1, LPAR3, SERPINA5, DAPK2, CCR2, KLF15, STAM2, MIR29B2, HLA-B, FLNA, CAST, ATP5PF, OXER1, OGA, AZU1, HEBP1, EIF2AK4, VN1R17P, S100A6, PRKAA2, RAMP1, S100A12, TRPM8, CRY2, TOR2A, PHACTR1, GPR166P, SCN10A, HTR2A, LGR6, GPRC6A, TLR3, PRKD1, ND2, FZD4, MRGPRX4, PIEZO1, MINDY4, KCNMA1, DUOX1, DAPK3, APEX1, CTH, CRY1, MRGPRX3, GAL3ST1, PTGES, AFP, CYP2C18, MYOCD, DLD, GGTLC1, PAH, HAP1, MIR146A, MBD2, CD44, UCP1, TXN, CD40LG, SULT1E1, ABCA1, TSC1, CX3CR1, ISYNA1, C5AR1, SERPINA3, PSMD9, MMP1, MAPK9, CLIC4, GGT1, NR1I2, S100A4, ROCK1, SUCNR1, SHMT1, SLC4A5, GDF2, CDH13, RYR2, PRKAB1, LIPC, PRKAA1, FGF1, ARHGEF40, CRK, DDR1, MIR130A, CAPN10, FABP3, FASN, BTN2A1, MBL2, BCHE, ACCS, CST12P, COX8A, FABP2, GRAP2, ASIC1, POLDIP2, BMP10, JAG1, CYP2C8, MIR17, IL33, CRMP1, VNN1, TNNI3, SLC9C1, UTRN, CD14, INSRR, FGB, TBX4, CXCL12, ATP1B1, ACSS2, AHSA1, CENPJ, PRCP, DDAH2, PADI4, MAPK14, EHMT1, BSND, PHA2A, SLPI, DENR, AIMP2, HNP1, EDN2, SLC9A1, PLA2G15, DNM1L, MALAT1, CLU, ADCYAP1, SESTD1, DMD, PHEX, SLC25A3, PFN1, PDE4D, JPH3, CNN1, PARP1, PECAM1, DIO2, TESC, P2RX3, MIR143, NUCB2, MPO, ITGB2, IAPP, SLC2A5, SLC35A1, DNMT1, SIK1, ADIPOR1, MPI, RNF19A, HTN3, VEGFC, VIP, EGR1, LBP, LAD1, CIMT, TNC, YAP1, PART1, SERPINF2, FOXO1, SLC5A4, RNF213, ADRA2C, CMKLR1, COMMD5, DHX40, ID2, HDAC9, MIR424, SMUG1, SULF2, USE1, HNF1A, SNAI1, AKR1B1, ZC3HC1, CLTRN, BCL2A1, SRM, ST2, BGLAP, ABCC8, POU2F3, TXN2, NOG, ULK3, SIRT6, NNT, PRDX2, DST, MIR518C, TBX1, SERPINA7, BMP2, ATP2B2, SV2C, IGF2BP2, TMED7-TICAM2, GGT2, GGTLC3, CPQ, WNT5A, GNA14, APC, VCL, SORBS1, UGT1A1, UQCRFS1, SLCO1B1, PDLIM5, GOSR2, ANXA5, SCGB1A1, ARSD, CD274, CNBP, PXDN, RHOBTB1, HBHR, FOXP3, ADRA1B, NR4A3, IL22, NOX3, ZGLP1, TMED7, GGTLC4P, TRPM7, ADORA2A, ADH1B, DEGS1, TUG1, CXCR4, NAMPT, SLC4A7, TWIST1, TFAM, TTR, MCM3AP, ALDH7A1, THBS4, B3GAT1, RN7SL263P, ATR, AKAP10, AMH, ABO, GPR182, SLC17A5, TGFA, MMRN1, SEPHS1, ERAL1, DKK1, FBXO8, ADAMTS13, SDS, C1QL1, TPT1, IMPACT, TSHR, TRPM2, GGTLC5P, SERPINC1, EBP, CRISP2, ATP2A2, MIR510, FOXRED1, NFAT5, NES, ANGPTL3, TNFRSF1A, TMSB4X, ABCG2, ARNTL, NECTIN1, PLN, MIR142, PRSS8, CD40, NLRC3, IL16, PRL, PRKCH, HBG2, HCRTR1, CD68, CD69, SLC9B2, ELK3, MS, PPP3R1, ARID3A, PTPA, TICAM2, ENTPD1, PSEN1, FSD1, ZBTB7C, AGXT2, CD5L, CD28, IFNB1, ETS1, PTGER4, PTGER1, PTGDS, COL17A1, FBL, ELANE, SETD3, PRSS55, BPIFB4, UBE2Z, CD38, FNDC1, NFYA, SMARCA4, ETV3, MIR23A, SERPINB2, PLEKHA7, SPZ1, MIR150, MIR221, CPB2, PEAR1, MIR22, TLX2, CCNL2, PDK1, CLCN6, NEFH, PDE3B, HPT, RETNLB, PCSK1, EPHB1, MIR25, NOX5, MIR26B, CDK6, SLC29A1, CDKN1A, NRG1, PPARD, EPHB6, FSD1L, EPHB2, HT, P2RY6, HLA-DRB1, PCSK6, MIR27B, PLXNA2, LRPAP1, MIR27A, PAEP, NFIL3, GSTM3, CCL5, SCT, SLC2A2, LGALS2, SHC1, HJV, IDE, SFTPC, SFRP5, GATA4, GCGR, GDNF, SDHB, SCPEP1, CCL21, GEM, GFAP, NPPC, CTSB, MAP6, SLC2A4, NPNT, HCCAT5, SLC22A2, SEMA6A, LRP1, BSG, BTF3P11, CYP4F3, SMAD2, FOSL2, MAOB, LIPA, FSHMD1A, TRIB3, FSHR, ARHGEF25, C1QTNF1, SLC3A1, GHRH, NPL, GHSR, FBRS, CAPN1, KCNJ13, GPR35, DHFR, RFC1, CYB5R3, RENBP, NTS, EFNB3, SLC39A12, OPN1LW, RCN2, CSMD1, GRN, CXCL1, GSR, MIR34A, OGG1, MIR192, DCN, NT5E, MIR126, LCT, IGAN1, SAI1, CTSL, KLKB1, RYR3, RYR1, MDK, LINC01194, GOLPH3, EFEMP1, GNA12, FABP1, CBLN2, SIK1B, SENP1, PADI1, CD300LG, APCDD1, TRPM5, GRHL1, GNPDA2, PSAT1, TDRD9, SLC26A9, MIR107, SLC22A12, MIR103A2, MIR100, MRPL4, ATL1, MIRLET7B, FIS1, GSTO2, CYP2R1, SOST, MAP3K15, CYCSP25, FOPNL, NDUFS7, LYPLAL1, BOLA3, TAS2R13, IL31RA, CD164L2, TRIM69, TRPM6, ARMS2, SRXN1, CACUL1, ENHO, KLK12, KCNIP3, RHOD, MYLIP, XPO5, TICAM1, CNTNAP2, EPHA6, SDK1, ADGRE4P, MARCHF8, LOC107987479, ZNF260, RXFP4, ATOH7, DLEU7, HYLS1, TSPAN33, NUPR1, ITGB1BP2, CPP, FOLH1B, SLC36A1, PABPC1, DNM3, GLCE, DROSHA, SLC29A4, NPW, LDOC1, PGP, IFNL2, IS1, BRD1, COL6A5, SLC24A2, KLK9, QPCT, GCA, CASC2, EBF3, FNDC5, VAMAS6, ADGRA2, SH2B1, CMYA5, FLCN, DCP1B, RLS1, LCE1C, RABGEF1, PCSK1N, AMOT, CBSL, SLC2A12, MCAT, CNTN4, SLCO4C1, RMDN2, FAM78B, REM1, IL23R, MOB3C, FLVCR1, RGCC, SLC35F3, PACERR, PAQR7, XIRP1, GPR162, CRPP1, NLRP6, GOLGA6A, MCIDAS, SNX5, HCAR1, CAVIN4, ADAMTS18, DDX53, CERNA3, TCEANC, LINC02210-CRHR1, PDCD4, SLC30A8, LCE1A, BMPER, RMDN1, CNTN5, C1QTNF6, PLXNA3, MTMR9, LGR4, WNK3, SAGE1, MIR30A, ACD, SLC30A10, POU5F1P4, SLC26A6, MIR31, MIR96, RNPC3, MIR33A, P2RY12, SYBU, POU5F1P3, MFSD1, PDIA2, MIR34B, GORASP1, STYK1, MIR585, MIR593, VKORC1, TTC21B, GSTCD, MSTO1, MCPH1, MIR296, PNPO, RMDN3, MIR637, ADIPOR2, SAP130, RCBTB1, MIR621, BHLHE41, PPP6R3, SLC29A3, MIR608, DRAM1, CARD14, TMEM38A, SLC48A1, MIR509-1, OXR1, HAMP, ZNF77, SLC2A9, MIR202, NGB, GRHL3, PLF, CISD2, SPHK2, MEPE, FAM20C, MIR506, MIR410, MIR425, MIR429, IBD7, PCBP4, MIR451A, BEND3, MIR431, VARS2, KCNQ5, IL21, MIR495, SLC5A7, MIR503, ARHGEF28, MIR499A, MIR98, MIR17HG, XYLT2, XYLT1, VPS11, TRIM67, PAG1, SLC28A3, SRR, GAS5, ANGPTL8, MIR328, PDGFC, BTNL2, SULT1A4, TRPV5, TREML2, MAP9, ANGPTL4, CCNQ, PPP1R14A, IL23A, MUC16, MIR132, MIR140, GHRL, PPR1, ASIC5, ORAI3, SLCO1C1, TSLP, CA14, TRIM47, GPR88, SOX18, MCU, WNT4, KNSTRN, TERF2IP, UCN2, PRRT2, OSER1, MRAP2, SFMBT1, HSPA14, MIR10A, C1QTNF3, PIPOX, GOLM1, MIR122, KCNK9, LOC102723407, CYGB, TLR8, TMEM54, MEX3C, BIRC6-AS1, GLCCI1, TAOK3, MIR4513, ANGPT4, IL17F, PRKAG2, SSH1, TAF7L, MIR222, CDKAL1, MIR200A, MIR200B, WBP1L, HDHD2, MIR206, EMILIN2, MIR1224, MIR543, MIR210, COL21A1, PTPN5, TUBB1, COASY, PDGFD, MIR212, FHOD3, RUBCNL, PTGES2, SVEP1, SLC52A1, CHCHD5, ERCC6L, HOPX, MIR19B1, SLX1A-SULT1A3, PPP1R9B, LINC01672, MIR185, MIR190A, ROBO4, SPATA6, KIF2B, MIR195, NDFIP2, MIR199A1, MIR199A2, CROT, ROPN1, ZGPAT, ALL2, NT5C1A, ALL1, TRPM4, A2M, SELL, AMACR, HNRNPD, HSPA1B, HSPA1A, AGFG1, HPX, HPV18I2, HPCAL1, HNRNPF, SLC29A2, HSPA2, HNF4A, NR4A1, HMOX2, HMGCR, HLA-C, HLA-A, UBE2K, HSPA1L, HSP90AA1, HDAC1, IGFALS, IL4R, IL2RA, IL2, IL1R1, CCN1, IGFBP3, IGFBP1, IFNA13, HTN1, IFNA2, IFNA1, IFI27, IDH2, IDH1, ID1, HTR1E, HDAC2, HBG1, CXCR1, FPR2, GATA3, GALNT2, GAD2, XRCC6, GAST, NR5A1, FXN, FPR1, GHR, FOSB, FOLH1, FLT4, FLI1, FOXO3, FOXM1, FOXC1, GC, GIP, HBA2, GSTM5, HBA1, GYS1, GYPE, GYPB, GYPA, GUCY1B1, GUCA2B, GSTA1, GLI2, GRIA1, GPX3, CXCR3, NPBWR1, GPI, GOT2, GLO1, IL5RA, IL10RA, OGN, MMP8, MTHFD1, MT1A, MSR1, MPV17, MPST, MMP12, MMP10, KMT2A, TRNI, MAP3K10, CXCL9, MET, MEST, MAP3K5, MEFV, ADAM11, MTR, MVD, MBP, NFATC3, NPY2R, NPHS1, NPC1, NPAS2, NOVA2, NHS, NFKB1, NEDD9, MX1, NDUFS4, NDUFA10, PPP1R12A, MYOC, MYL3, MYL2, MYH6, MC3R, MAT1A, IL10RB, PDX1, ITGB3, ITGAX, ITGAM, ITGA2, ISG20, IRF1, IRAK1, INHA, ITPR1, IMPA1, ILK, ILF3, IL15, IL13, IL12B, IL11, ITGB8, ITPR3, MAOA, LCN1, SMAD9, SMAD7, LSS, LRP5, LLGL2, LHCGR, LGALS1, KRT16, JUNB, KRT5, KIT, KIR3DL1, KIR2DS5, KCNN3, KCNH1, JUND, FHL2, FHL1, FGFR4, BMP7, C4BPA, C3AR1, BUB1B, KLF5, BRAF, BNIP1, BMPR1A, BGN, C5, BCL6, BCL2L1, BAAT, ATP7A, ATP6V0A1, ATP5F1B, ATP4A, CAPN5, CA2, ATP12A, CAV3, CDSN, CDR1, CDKN2B, CDH2, SCARB2, CD86, RUNX1T1, CASQ2, CACNA1A, CASP1, CAMK2A, CAMK4, CALD1, CALCR, CALB2, SLC25A20, ATP2B4, ATIC, FGFR1, ACVR2A, AMBP, ALOX15B, ALOX5AP, AHSG, NR0B1, AGXT, ADCYAP1R1, ACP3, AMY1B, ACO1, ACLS, ACHE, ASIC2, ACADSB, ABCA4, ABCA3, AMY1A, AMY1C, ART1, AQP5, ARSL, ARSB, ARRB1, PHOX2A, ARHGAP6, ARHGAP1, ARF6, FASLG, AOC2, APOH, APOC1, APOA4, BIRC3, APEH, APCS, APBB1, AKR1C4, CHGB, CHRM2, DSC3, EIF4E, EFNB2, EFNB1, LPAR1, E2F1, DUSP2, RCAN1, DPAGT1, ENO3, DNTT, DNMT3A, SARDH, DLG4, DIO1, DES, DBI, EMD, EPHA3, CHRM3, F8, FGF10, FDXR, FCGR2B, FBLN2, FANCD2, FABP4, F10, F2RL1, EPHA4, EYA3, ETV5, ESRRG, ERCC3, ERBB2, EPOR, EPHX1, DAG1, DAB2, CYP27B1, CCR7, COL9A1, COL8A1, COL4A2, COL1A2, CNP, CNN2, ABCC2, CCR3, CYP24A1, CLCN7, CLCN3, CLC, CISH, CIRBP, CHRNA4, CHRNA3, COL9A2, COL9A3, COMP, KLF6, CYP7A1, CYP4B1, CYP3A7, CYP2A6, CTSK, CTSG, CTRL, CTF1, CTBP1, CSF3, CRYZ, CREBBP, CLDN7, COX4I1, SLC31A1, ODC1, OPRD1, PSD4, CRLF1, SLC22A8, SLC22A6, TRIP10, NREP, KLF4, ASIC3, GPR37L1, MSC, TGFBRAP1, MTA2, XPR1, SLC28A2, HGS, P2RX6, RGN, USP2, COX5A, NTN1, PKD2L1, ARHGEF10, FIG4, RB1CC1, TOX, SLK, PPP6R2, GREB1, PHF14, ABCG1, NCR1, CARTPT, NPEPPS, ADAMTS1, ADAMTS4, HOMER1, GSTO1, MED23, ANGPTL1, NAT8, RABGAP1L, TAM, RGS20, TNFSF11, FCN3, AGPS, SEMA7A, FOXN1, AXIN2, LAP, TP63, PRRC2A, ST8SIA4, SCG2, IL1R2, NPHS2, YY1, XRCC1, PSMG1, AKR1C3, SOCS3, CCN4, F2RL3, KALRN, TRPA1, MGAM, WASF1, PER2, ALKBH1, TMEM11, IRS2, NRP1, HESX1, IL18RAP, TNFRSF10B, TNFSF14, RNGTT, MBTPS1, WASHC5, PUM3, OPRK1, MLXIP, KDM1A, FAIM2, PDCD11, SCAP, SIRT2, SACM1L, CARD8, ZNF652, TBC1D9, PTGDR2, POLI, CHEK2, RASSF1, SLC2A6, WDHD1, CORO1A, NCDN, ZCCHC14, PDIA5, TRS-AGA2-3, ATP6V0A2, RBFOX2, MMD, TRAM1, NPTXR, HEY1, SF3B3, MLYCD, LPIN1, SIRT5, WWC1, ADGRL3, CLEC16A, TASOR, NBEAL2, RRS1, YWHAQ, BTG3, RBM8A, CEBPZ, RAMP3, ABCC4, MSLN, GDF11, ANGPTL7, CALCRL, TSHZ1, BCAP31, BET1, PTPRU, NR1H3, HDAC5, SRA1, SLC12A6, FGFBP1, MVP, STUB1, APBB3, GPR75, DCTN6, FGL2, HPSE, WASF3, GJB6, AHCYL1, KDM5B, TNFSF13B, TXNIP, AKR1A1, HEXIM1, P3H4, ZNRD2, APPBP2, STK25, TFG, TLR6, XPC, NSD2, LAT2, PROS1, PTGDR, TAS2R38, PTBP1, PYY, PSMB8, PSG5, PSEN2, PRNP, PTPRO, PRKCG, PRH2, PRH1, SRGN, PRF1, PPP6C, PPP1CB, PTPRD, PXN, PPIB, RLN1, RRAS, RRAD, RPS6, RPL13, BRD2, RMRP, RLN2, RIEG2, RAC2, RHO, RGS1, REG1A, RBM4, RASA1, RAP1B, RAP1A, PPL, CTSA, VTN, PAM, PDE2A, PCYT1A, PCOS1, PCNA, PC, PAX5, CNTN3, PAK3, PDR, PAK1, P4HB, P2RY2, P2RX4, P2RX1, OTC, OPRM1, PDPK1, PEE1, POU5F1, PLAU, PON2, PODXL, EXOSC10, PLOD1, PLD2, PLCG1, PLCB3, PLAG1, PFKFB3, PLA2G5, PLA2G4A, PLA2G1B, PKM, PIN1, SERPINA1, PHB, S100A1, SORT1, SAA1, TBXA2R, TERT, TEK, TDO2, TCOF1, TCN2, TCF7L2, TBX3, TBX5, TG, TAP1, TAGLN, SYT1, SULT1A3, STAT5A, STAT1, TRIM21, TFRC, THRA, SAA2, UBTF, VIPR2, VDAC3, VDAC2, VDAC1, VAV2, VASP, UGCG, TTN, TIMP2, PHLDA2, TRV-AAC1-4, TRIO, HSP90B2P, TPH1, TPD52, TNFAIP3, SRY, SREBF1, SPRR2A, SDHC, SLC5A1, SLC4A1, SLC3A2, ST3GAL4, SI, SGCA, SEMA3F, SDC1, SPARC, CXCL5, CCL22, CCL13, CCL11, CCL7, SCN8A, SCD, SMTN, SLC6A9, SLC16A1, SLC19A1, SP1, SOS1, SORL1, SORD, SNX1, FSCN1, SNAP25, SMS, SMO, SMN2, SMN1, HLTF, SLC22A5, SLC22A4, SLC22A3, H3P23
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Central Sleep Apnea
Wikipedia
Correlation with cardiac disorders: Atrial fibrillation (AF): A study in the medical journal Sleep found that the prevalence of atrial fibrillation among patients with idiopathic central sleep apnea was significantly higher than the prevalence among patients with obstructive sleep apnea or no sleep apnea (27%, 1.7%, and 3.3%, respectively). ... Possible explanations for the association between CSA and AF include a causal relationship in one direction or the other between the two conditions or a common cause involving an abnormality of central cardiorespiratory regulation. [14] Adults suffering from congestive heart failure are at risk for a form of central apnea called Cheyne-Stokes respiration , which manifests itself both during sleep and during waking hours. ... In Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine (p. 1049-1058.e5). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-24288-2.00109-4 ^ a b c d e f g h American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2014). ... "The effect of successful heart transplant treatment of heart failure on central sleep apnea". Chest . 124 (5): 1675–81. doi : 10.1378/chest.124.5.1675 .TACR1, TAC1, PHOX2B, VAMP1, INPP5E, PSAP, SLC5A7, CCDC47, PRPS1, TECPR2, FGFR3, DKK1, TBR1, NACC1, QRICH1, MYO9A, H3-3A, RPGRIP1L, AHI1, TMEM216, CEP290, COQ2, AGRN, SLC25A1, SYT2, NADK2, COL13A1, WFS1, CHAT, NALCN, TSEN54, SNAP25, RET, SLC35A2, SLC2A1, ASCL1, SLC18A3, CISD2, CSH2, CSH1, REM1, HSPA9, CENPJ, SLC25A38, ERCC8, ALAS2, ALDH2, EPO, ERCC6, BDNF, ABCB1, GZMB, HMOX1, FOXP3, MIR144, GTF2H5, TGFB1, TPO, ERICD, MIRLET7I, VEGFA, TRPV1, XIST, SLC12A9, DLL1, DLK1, PNO1, PPIF, NES, TBC1D9, SUN1, HSPB7, PHF11, AHR, PSG5, SMN2, CYBB, GTF2H4, GTF2H3, GTF2H2, GTF2H1, MS4A2, ERCC5, ERCC3, ERCC2, CYP3A5, CRP, IL2RB, COMT, CDKN1A, CD38, CAT, MYRF, BMP2, APOE, ANXA5, AKR1B1, IL2RA, IL6, SMN1, PKM, SLC5A3, SFRP1, CCL3, CCL2, AKT1, MAPK3, PPID, PON1, PLCB4, PECAM1, IL7R, PCYT1A, OLR1, NOS3, MET, LEP, ISG20, INSRR, IL18, IL10, CERNA3
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Neuroblastoma
Wikipedia
Those with favorable characteristics (tumor grade and response) received four cycles of chemotherapy, and those with unfavorable characteristics received eight cycles, with three-year event free survival and overall survival stable at 90% for the entire cohort. Future plans are to intensify treatment for those people with aberration of 1p36 or 11q23 chromosomes as well as for those who lack early response to treatment. [80] [81] By contrast, focus the past 20 years or more has been to intensify treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma. ... PMC 2755253 . PMID 19536264 . ^ Olshan AF, Bunin GR (2000). "Epidemiology of Neuroblastoma". ... ISBN 978-0-444-50222-3 . ^ Menegaux F, Olshan AF, Neglia JP, Pollock BH, Bondy ML (May 2004). ... Journal of Clinical Oncology . 6 (12): 1874–81. doi : 10.1200/JCO.1988.6.12.1874 . ... Seminars in Surgical Oncology . 16 (2): 91–104. doi : 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2388(199903)16:2<91::AID-SSU3>3.0.CO;2-1 .LIN28B, PHOX2B, ALK, MYCN, LMO1, HACE1, HRAS, MYC, BARD1, PTPN11, KIF1B, KRAS, TH, ABCB1, TP53, ESR1, AURKA, PINK1, CDKN2A, CHD5, ATRX, TERT, NRAS, NTRK1, TNFSF10, NTRK2, DBH, IFNB1, GATA3, HGF, COX2, MET, ISL1, BCHE, CHEK2, TBX2, ARID1A, NNAT, GNAS, RASSF5, ARID1B, YAP1, PTPN14, SEMA3B, CHD6, HAND2, TOP2A, DOCK8, CD55, BRAF, ASCL1, PIK3CA, RET, CASC15, GPC3, NBAT1, BRD4, CPZ, MSH2, MLH1, EPCAM, MMP20, BMPR1A, RUNX1, RAF1, RSRC1, MSH6, CXCR4, CDK4, GDNF, SIRT1, IL6, RNF19A, TARDBP, FAN1, CDKN1B, TPM3, HDAC8, ODC1, GRPR, AHSA1, CRK, MAPK14, OPRM1, BACE1, GRP, MAP2K7, AIMP2, PMS1, TGFBR2, PMS2, IGF2, TNF, MIR34A, PTGS2, TGM2, GRAP2, LRRK2, ARHGAP24, PTEN, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, PSEN1, PIK3CG, CHGA, CLU, CAT, CASR, KCNAB2, IL2, IL1B, IFNG, PCNA, TGFB1, PRNP, TP73, IGF1, CD44, MAPK1, MAPK3, IGF1R, CASP3, CASP8, ROS1, TRGVB, RHOV, RASSF1, SKI, SNHG31, EPAS1, ENO2, HMOX1, AKT1, DGCR2, MMP2, SLC6A3, EGR1, EGFR, MMP9, SEMA4A, TRDC, TRBV27, TBC1D9, TRGVA, HIF1A, EPHB2, SNCA, GPR78, MAPT, H3P10, GPC4, ABCB6, SST, STAT3, FGF2, MAOA, ACTB, SOD1, MLH3, ADAM10, NUTM1, MDM2, FGFR1, CHP1, PARP1, ABCC1, HSPA4, FOXO3, NGFR, VIP, HSD17B12, SLC24A3, NPY, CUX1, GABPA, CTNNB1, GABRD, TRGV6, TRGV7, CCND1, BCL2, TRGV9, LIN28B-AS1, BDNF, RPS20, TRGV11, RERE, NME1, NGF, NFE2L2, E2F1, PRDM16, HTT, VEGFA, APOE, APP, NCAM1, MTOR, NF1, GLI1, POLDIP2, DDX1, HTC2, MME, PROM1, EWSR1, KHSRP, NBL1, MFAP1, ATXN3, CDKN1A, CREB1, EPO, MPZ, EPHA3, CDK2, PPARG, MPHOSPH6, BMI1, SSTR2, CIB1, AR, TCF3, REST, CASP9, APRT, ADCYAP1, HFE, KIT, DHDDS, GAP43, TTR, CHPT1, GAPDH, CXCL12, GSK3B, IFNA1, IFNA13, RARA, ATM, CASZ1, MBD2, MYCNOS, HCLS1, LGALS1, HLA-C, EGF, MICOS10-NBL1, SLC6A2, HPR, SOX2, SIGLEC7, MCL1, SPARC, EZH2, ABCC3, NBPF1, PSIP1, MAPK8, CHEK1, IL2RB, CD34, TNFRSF1B, CASP1, DDIT3, NOTCH1, NR1I3, DCC, OPRL1, DCX, IGFBP2, HSPB1, NUMBL, NTRK3, VIM, PSEN2, DDC, CD274, MAP2K1, CAMTA1, ARR3, BIRC5, FOS, MDK, EPHB6, ACHE, MARCKSL1, EMP3, MECP2, BBC3, CXCL8, SMS, WLS, KDM1A, STMN1, FN1, PRKAR1A, SGSM3, PDYN, ATN1, HOXC9, SDHB, SPG7, SRC, DLK1, TRIM13, MDM4, PLK1, PPARGC1A, PRKCA, TLR3, MARCKS, MSH3, HSPA5, PNOC, MMP14, NRP1, MIR137, SMN2, SMN1, ALB, HMGB1, ATF4, CCL2, CXADR, GAL, RARB, NBAS, PARN, NOS1, S100B, MZB1, B2M, P2RX7, NDRG1, HDAC9, CXADRP1, PTPRC, TRPM2, CRMP1, CALCR, TFRC, PLA2G1B, SKP2, PSMD9, CD46, HHAT, LGALS3, POU5F1, IFI27, CTAG1B, HDAC1, PPARA, MEIS1, LMNA, DIABLO, NBPF14, HPRT1, MYB, JUN, PLB1, CD99, MIR21, ITIH4, MAP3K5, DNER, ADRB2, HPGDS, HSPB2, CTAG1A, TICAM2, KDR, CDC42, NQO1, TMED7-TICAM2, POU5F1P3, DES, DECR1, CADM1, H3P23, XRCC6, SNHG1, TMED7, SCN7A, CDK5, MIR17HG, CDK6, HSPB3, VAV1, KHDRBS1, CALR, ZNRD2, NRF1, PREP, YWHAZ, GSTP1, SQSTM1, MAX, DCTN6, POU5F1P4, NAGLU, FAS, PENK, FASLG, PLAT, GLI2, PRUNE2, TNFRSF25, INSM1, HOXD@, CD276, SESN2, CAMKMT, HNF4A, BECN1, GJA1, TP63, ICAM1, NR4A3, HSP90AA1, ZBTB17, FOSB, ID2, IGFBP6, GTF2H1, PNPLA6, LEP, KCNH2, JUND, HDAC2, SCG2, IGFBP5, PRRT2, HES1, HDAC10, SLC25A21, IL24, JUNB, LRP1, HMGA1, ING1, DNM1L, POU4F1, DFFA, ROCK1, PAWR, UBE4B, DCTN4, AXL, NTF3, ACKR3, DICER1, KRIT1, UBE2N, UCHL1, SNHG16, TACR1, XIAP, NHLH2, COL11A2, AURKB, CCR6, PTPRA, CD80, NUP62, PTK2, PRKCB, TRPM7, PPT1, CDKN1C, PIM1, CALM3, CALM2, CALM1, POU4F2, SMUG1, PTGES, NFKB1, CTSD, CCK, SYP, AKT2, KITLG, TAC1, NES, BIN1, ANG, ERBB2, AHR, SOD2, VHL, MYBL2, VTN, TNFRSF10D, DPYSL2, ANXA5, PTK2B, HDAC6, B3GAT1, MALAT1, NEUROD1, NGB, APAF1, MTCO2P12, SHC3, SLC19A1, SPTBN1, PTN, PTHLH, HOXD13, SNAP25, RAC1, WWOX, ADAM17, RBM3, HTR2A, HIPK2, HSPA8, ITSN1, KCNIP3, SFRP1, NOX4, SLC2A1, IL22, SCT, SLC16A1, S100A6, S100A4, IDE, S100A1, SYN1, PRDX2, SLC6A8, PRDX5, ZMYND10, WNK1, SMOX, VIPR1, NME2, NLN, KNG1, L1CAM, NF2, RPSA, UTRN, NUBP1, LDHA, IL21, MYCL, MSX1, MNAT1, PRDM2, CIC, MIF, DUSP26, MGMT, MXD1, MEIS2, ZNF423, MAP2, SMAD2, SMAD4, MAGEA3, MAGEA1, KIR3DL1, CD248, RELN, PDGFRB, MAPK7, THY1, TIMP2, DAPK2, PPARD, KLRK1, MAGED4B, IL15, WT1, PLA2G2A, MEG3, SRCIN1, PBX1, NPY2R, COASY, PAX3, ITGA2, DKK1, ZC3H12A, PAEP, PEBP1, LMO3, SLC44A1, TRH, PCDHB@, TXN, SLC12A9, PARK7, MIR186, MIR146A, ECE1, NR1I2, DUSP2, GSTK1, CD226, LINC01194, TRPA1, NOL3, CTLA4, EFNB2, PIAS2, MIR181C, TRIM16, CSF3, CSF2, MIR204, MIR205, PDLIM5, EDNRB, EFNB3, PPM1D, FLT1, DENR, SLCO6A1, B4GALNT1, RALBP1, PSMG1, FUS, FXN, FLT3, FOXM1, EPHA2, NPFFR2, FGF13, HPSE, GPC2, ETS1, ERBB4, CES2, CFLAR, CRH, CREBBP, CRABP2, APLP1, NME1-NME2, MIR542, MAGED4, HOTAIR, ABCC4, CD24, PHOX2A, MICA, KLRC4-KLRK1, MIR221, ANXA2, MVP, COMMD3-BMI1, OPTN, ADRB3, ADM, ADCYAP1R1, BCL2L11, RACK1, CAST, CASP2, RUNX3, KLF6, CNR1, CCR5, CLN3, MIR34B, CHGB, CENPE, MIR338, CDKN2C, CDKN2B, KLF4, SLIT2, CD38, NTN1, CD9, ABCG2, CCND2, ELP1, GREM1, GSR, NR3C1, HLA-G, HNRNPA1, RAB40B, HK2, OPN4, GRN, GRB2, FTMT, MTDH, HLA-A, PLA2G6, MCHR1, GLP1R, KCNQ1OT1, CD59, CDA, XAF1, CD47, CD81, UBE4A, CDK11B, TIAM1, CDK1, TIMP1, CD40LG, MIR380, HIC1, PTPA, PPP2R2B, CDK9, HSPA9, FRMD7, CDKN3, POMC, PRKDC, MMRN1, MAPK9, PSMC5, CYTL1, PTPN1, TERF2IP, SERPINH1, TGFBR3, MIR497, RASSF7, PTCH1, PTBP1, MIR410, HSPA1A, LRRN3, THBS1, HSPA1B, PRPH, PROX1, CD14, PRL, EIF2AK2, MIR335, CD19, AATF, MIR337, CFL1, PML, ATF2, PCSK1, RGS5, SERPINA5, DNAJC11, SLC31A1, HTR2C, PAM, KDM3A, PAH, TMSB10, MIR214, HTR4, P4HB, CEBPA, CRISP2, TNC, DEPP1, DTNBP1, AJAP1, TRPC1, ARID3B, KCNH4, CRYZ, MIR200A, MIR20A, ZFPM2, PDCD1, CNTF, URGCP, CCT4, CASP4, PLXNA2, MIAT, CHAT, PLA2G4A, HSPD1, CHKA, NR2E1, PIN1, PACC1, MIR93, MIR34C, CHRNA4, QRSL1, RSAD2, MIR29B2, PGK1, MIR29B1, PEX14, TOP2B, HTR1A, PECAM1, XPR1, TP53BP2, HTR1B, CASP10, PVALB, HLA-B, SMARCA4, TMEM97, AADAC, STK11, ALOX5, ALOX15, LINC00467, ST8SIA2, ANK2, ANXA1, HOXC6, SLC1A5, WNT3A, MFN2, SKP1, SYT1, APC, APLP2, FBXW4, HNRNPK, PTPN22, ERVW-1, ARG1, ARG2, MAP2K4, SPZ1, SNAI2, SMARCB1, ARRB2, AHCY, ABCA2, ACAT1, PABPC1, ASIC2, ACO1, SPR, FOXD3, CHAF1A, ZSCAN10, SP1, FOXP1, STAT5A, PERCC1, HDAC5, DKK3, STAT5B, HOXB5, GATD3B, DISC1, GATD3A, GRK2, AGER, JAG1, RABGEF1, NR0B1, TAT, SEL1L, PTPRD, DCDC2, SIRT6, RAB6B, GDE1, MIR558, MIR421, RELA, MIR487B, BAMBI, PLAAT4, RTEL1, RARG, TFE3, CACNA1C, RAP1A, RAN, BAG3, CALCA, MOK, CAMK4, MIR455, PXN, TGFBR1, GDAP1, TWIST1, PTPRF, RGS4, SNCAIP, TAZ, RNPEP, TBP, MIR2110, MELK, ASPH, CX3CL1, TRAT1, ZFHX3, H3C9P, HOXD8, SCN10A, ATR, KIF1A, AVP, BACH1, LEF1, BAK1, HSPA14, BAX, PRAF2, EFS, DNLZ, MEGF10, NT5C3A, BMP2, ATXN8, MIR19B1, DCLK1, TAM, KMT2A, EDN1, FTH1, EDNRA, TP53INP1, PTCH2, HAND2-AS1, SDS, CHL1, IGFBP3, ZAR1, IL4, HDAC3, ELAVL4, TMSB15B, ELK1, CIITA, MAD1L1, KRT19, ENO1, NRP2, IFIH1, TRPV1, MED25, PWAR4, TPX2, HES5, PRUNE1, SPHK1, NTN4, VDAC1, ARC, RCAN1, ARHGEF7, KCNJ2, PLK4, MUC1, ACIN1, E2F2, E2F3, CERS1, KIR2DL2, PRICKLE1, ALDH1A2, S1PR1, KDM6B, WEE1, CTCF, MXD3, PRSS55, LDLR, LILRB1, SILC1, FCGR3A, LEPR, CLYBL, FLI1, FGF1, LGALS3BP, MAOB, PEA15, BIRC7, FHIT, NLRP3, VEGFD, LIF, FOXO1, XK, LIG1, METAP2, RBPJ, WNT1, ZBTB38, GORASP1, PGP, SPART, KDM5B, GALR2, ERN1, SUCLA2, UCK1, MCM7, CERK, FLT4, MCF2L2, FAM163A, PDIK1L, EXTL1, MATK, ULK1, MAT1A, TNFRSF10C, LIN28A, NAP1L1, MXI1, MAPKAP1, IFNA2, CTH, INCENP, F2RL3, TMSB15A, CYP19A1, FBXW11, CYP26A1, DAB1, MIR132, NLRP1, IL7R, CCN2, DCK, KIDINS220, GCG, ITGA5, GCLC, ITGAV, NDRG2, NRDC, MIR149, NOS2, PCNP, MIR17, NCSTN, INSR, NPM1, INSRR, SLC11A2, LGR5, CTSL, CMPK2, NOTCH3, COL18A1, PPP1R2C, UBE3A, GH1, KCNH8, SOCS3, NT5E, YBX1, LMO4, SCLC1, CIP2A, GRM8, NEO1, FAM107A, CSK, PKMYT1, NCL, DHCR24, DLD, GLB1, NDN, DMBT1, NEFL, TRIB3, DLG4, MIR106A, LRRN1, UNC5D, MADD, MIR10A, NFIC, ITPR1, UCK2, ITPR2, USP7, DNASE1, MIR107, NFE2L1, ITPR3, HAGLR, MIR184, GPA33, ACTR1B, TRAP1, INTS6, SMG1, SH2B1, KDM4B, SBNO2, CHMP2B, TSPAN3, AGO1, LMAN2, RAB10, WDTC1, FLOT1, LRP10, CEBPZ, WSB1, FBXO5, TCERG1, SEC61B, NT5C2, EHMT2, CFM1, SUB1, PRDX3, MPHOSPH9, LRRC17, CKAP4, NAMPT, TOB1, ERAL1, FGF21, TRIM32, WIF1, FAIM2, ZNF197, SERF2, P2RX2, PTP4A3, TMED2, EBI3, FBXL5, PHGDH, CNOT1, UTS2, SNW1, KIFBP, PRPF31, BAZ2A, HSPB8, SIRT4, KANK2, PADI4, CABIN1, AGTPBP1, ZNF281, SLC34A2, ARFGEF2, CAMKK2, STMN2, CXCL13, SEC14L2, ZNF346, WWC1, NMNAT2, TPPP, CAMSAP2, AMACR, WDR5, ATG7, CHERP, DEAF1, CD2AP, TLK2, EBP, IGF2BP1, MRPL28, SYNM, MTHFS, CNMD, PHLDA1, NCS1, UBE2C, PDPN, SIRT5, HEXIM1, ATF5, ADAP1, HEY1, MGLL, QPRT, ATP13A2, POSTN, PES1, ARHGEF18, USP24, SUZ12, SMC2, RAPGEF4, RGS14, PLCB1, JMJD6, STK25, FRS2, TUBB3, PPP1R13L, SEMA3A, WARS2, PGRMC1, CHRDL2, B3GNT3, TNIP1, CTPP, PAK4, SMR3B, C1QL1, RAMP1, PTPRT, RRP1B, SPRY2, HNRNPR, ERP44, IMMT, WWTR1, SIN3A, TTLL1, GCA, ADAMTS13, TUBB4A, SYNCRIP, GMEB1, YME1L1, STAB1, PPP1R15A, NXF1, SLC9A6, FST, STAG2, MCRS1, C1D, RBM14, RAPGEF3, TREX1, CUL9, CPQ, TXNIP, QPCT, NCKAP1, WASF3, ATE1, AIPL1, NAT1, MYEOV, REEP3, ALKAL2, LYPD5, FOXR1, NEAT1, NPAS4, SEC14L3, NEGR1, FNDC5, LEMD2, ARMC12, TBCEL, PABPC1P1, C9orf72, CMYA5, RDM1, CRYGEP, QSOX2, RASSF6, PRICKLE2, DNAAF4, CDCA2, NKAIN2, FRYL, MROCKI, DLX6-AS1, TRIM59, MIR128-1, MIR125B1, MIR122, MIR10B, NBPF17P, SH2D5, MIR100HG, RTL1, CENPS, RAB15, RFLNB, TUBB2B, ARSH, NBPF7, RD3, GADL1, TFAP2E, TAS2R62P, HSR, RAB7B, CLEC4D, LINC01010, GAREM2, COMMD1, RBP7, ESCO1, CYGB, HENMT1, CDCA5, NACC1, CAVIN3, EGLN3, FOXP2, SCGB3A1, MTG1, NDUFAF2, ACY3, SLFN11, UBXN11, LRSAM1, MCU, SHF, UBE3B, NAV2, NAV1, NAV3, OSBPL1A, LRG1, TTL, EXOSC6, C1orf52, MGAT5B, PWAR1, PRIMA1, PIWIL4, SIRPA, NRSN1, CTCFL, HDX, RALYL, PACRG, NCOA7, IL31RA, NEU4, TSACC, OSCP1, HSPB6, MFSD12, TPPP2, H4-16, TMEM132D, MIR134, MIR141, MIR144, MIR1247, KIR2DS2, C20orf181, MIR885, MIR708, MIR665, MIR675, CCR2, CDK11A, MEMO1P1, SSX2B, MIR663A, MIR659, MIR653, MIR595, MIR591, MIR580, MIR572, IQCJ, LGALS7B, PRB2, NORAD, MIR1246, MIR1303, MIR506, PCNA-AS1, H3P19, H3P9, LOC110806263, EEF1AKMT4-ECE2, CNE-2, UPK3B, LINC02210-CRHR1, LOC102724250, ETS1-AS1, FOXD3-AS1, PINK1-AS, H3P12, ERVK-20, MIR4487, P2RX5-TAX1BP3, PPT2-EGFL8, BCL2L2-PABPN1, CENPS-CORT, RBM14-RBM4, TGFBR3L, MIR3934, RASSF10, MIR503, MIR145, MIR92A1, MIR29C, MIR296, MIR29A, MIR27B, MIR27A, MIR25, MIR24-1, MIR223, MIR22, MIR211, MIR206, MIR203A, MIR200B, MIR19A, MIR192, MIR185, MIR182, MIR181A2, MIR18A, MIR15B, MIR15A, MIR30A, DDI1, MIR517A, MIR323A, MIR520F, MIR193B, MIR494, MIR432, MIR202, MIR488, MIR451A, MIR363, MIR362, H4C15, MIR449A, SSX4B, DUXAP9, MIR424, MIR381, MIR375, CISD2, MIR373, MIR376C, MIR342, MIR340, PNPT1, DCLK3, SNHG7, DUSP23, QRICH1, CC2D1A, APTX, DYM, AHI1, OTUD4, HES2, NDUFB11, DDX4, KRT20, XRN1, DNAJC10, NLGN3, ERRFI1, NANS, TLR9, FAM3B, BCO1, TPCN1, BCL11A, CMPK1, BCOR, SDHAF2, TPPP3, TESC, ASH1L, PSENEN, CISD1, BRK1, SELENOS, PAG1, VPS35, LYAR, AMBRA1, POMGNT1, ITLN1, SOX6, SLC30A10, ASIC4, ZNF331, RHOT1, IMP3, SBNO1, FANCL, SLC52A1, LAMTOR1, NLK, PCF11, UNC45A, SCAPER, UBQLN1, PCDHB1, SENP1, GRHL1, PYCARD, NXT1, SCG3, SETD2, MCTS1, DLL1, IGHV1-12, EML4, TOR2A, MAT2B, HTRA2, MCAT, GLS2, AGO2, CACYBP, BEX3, RNF11, NOP53, RRM2B, GTSE1, GALNT9, VCX3A, LCMT1, ATRAID, NGRN, CEND1, CCDC174, PHF20, IGF2-AS, DUSP13, CRBN, COPS4, APH1A, MEMO1, ATL1, LAP3, PI15, ASCC1, TAS2R10, TAS2R13, TAS2R16, SLC45A1, ZKSCAN7, SULF2, RITA1, GDPD5, WDR26, NAA50, CHD9, EDC3, PANK2, ATAT1, NANOG, GGNBP2, HDAC11, CLMN, SUGCT, SNIP1, MCPH1, TNFAIP8L2, GALNT14, SLC52A2, DHX58, CHAC1, FTO, ASPSCR1, TRPM8, ASXL3, STMN4, AACS, NDEL1, MASTL, PTPN5, RIOX2, TXNDC17, LOXL3, KDM2B, MCHR2, SYVN1, DOT1L, LZIC, CCDC115, PHF6, ING5, NOA1, MAGT1, CTTNBP2, CCM2, RAB1B, MAP1LC3B, CLPB, TXNDC5, RASL11B, RTN4R, CFC1, STIM2, XPO5, TENM2, PLEKHG5, BIRC6, CBX8, VANGL2, PAK5, LYRM4, CD177, TWSG1, PDXP, CTNNBIP1, XAB2, NDUFA4L2, SPHK2, RETN, NPDC1, ASAH2, CYP26B1, BEX4, CTNNBL1, SEMA6A, HCN3, BCL11B, HES4, PDIA2, GIGYF1, HHIP, GMCL2, GMCL1, ZMAT3, NSD1, ERAP2, TSPAN5, LRRC4, SMOC1, GOLPH3, TSPYL2, ERVK-6, NEUROG2, GAS5, NIF3L1, BACH2, UBL5, PTBP2, CCAR2, SLC39A8, STIM1, EDIL3, HCRTR1, HBB, HAS3, H1-2, GUCY2D, GYPE, GUSB, GSTZ1, GSTM1, PDIA3, GRM5, GRM3, GRM2, GRM1, GRIA2, RAPGEF1, GRB10, GPX1, FFAR1, GPM6A, GNB2, GLUD2, GLRX, GLS, HCFC1, NRG1, GLDC, ZBTB48, HSF1, PRMT1, HPCAL1, HP, HOXD9, HOXD1, HOXC11, HOXB9, HOXB8, HOXB7, HOXB6, HOXB4, HOXB3, HOXB2, HOXB1, HOXB@, HOXA9, HOXA7, TLX2, TLX1, HNRNPC, HLA-E, MNX1, GLI3, GCLM, HSPE1, FRA14B, FPR1, FMR1, FLT3LG, FLNB, MLANA, FLII, FKBP4, FHL2, FH, FGFR4, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGF8, FGF6, FGA, FDXR, FCN2, FCGR3B, FCGR2A, BPTF, FABP7, F10, F9, FRA2C, ACKR1, GLC3B, FYN, GJB2, GJA5, CBLIF, GHRH, GFRA3, GFRA2, GFAP, GEM, GDF2, GDF1, GCNT1, GCHFR, GCH1, GBA, GATA4, GATA2, GAS1, GART, GAD1, GABRB3, GABRB2, G6PD, G6PC, HSPA2, HTR7, NKX2-2, MSR1, MRE11, MRC1, MPST, MOS, MLF1, MGST1, MGAT5, MGAT2, MFGE8, MEN1, RAB8A, MAP3K1, MCAM, MB, MAZ, MAT2A, MAP1B, MAG, SMAD7, MAD2L1, LYN, LTA, LNPEP, MSI1, MSRA, LIG4, MT3, NFYB, NFYA, NFIX, NFIB, NFIA, NFATC2, NEUROG1, NELL2, NELL1, NEFH, NEDD9, NDUFV2, PPP1R12A, MYOG, MYO10, MYO5A, GADD45B, MYD88, MMUT, RNR2, MTR, MTHFR, MTAP, LIMK2, LIG3, IAPP, IRAK1, ING2, ILK, IL18, TNFRSF9, IL13, IL12RB1, IL12A, IL11, IL7, IL6R, IL3, IL2RA, IL1A, IGHG3, IGFBP7, IGFBP4, IFNAR2, IFNAR1, IFIT2, ID3, ICAM2, ICA1, IARS1, CXCL10, IREB2, LIFR, IRF1, LGALS7, LGALS4, LDHC, LDHB, LCK, LBR, LAMC2, LAG3, KRT6A, KRT1, KLC1, KIF5B, KIF3C, KCNJ5, KCNJ3, CD82, JAK2, EIF6, ITGA4, ITGA3, ITGA2B, IRS1, IRF2, F3, F2RL1, F2R, CAPG, CAMK2G, CAMK2B, CALB1, CA11, CA9, CA8, CA2, CA1, MPPED2, C5AR1, C5, SERPING1, C1QBP, TSPO, BTK, KLF9, BSG, BRCA1, BNIP3, BNIP2, BMPR2, BMP6, BMP4, CAMP, CAV1, BLM, RUNX2, CDK7, CDH13, CDH5, CDH2, CDH1, CDC25B, CDC20, CDC6, CD68, CD40, TNFRSF8, CD86, MS4A1, CD8A, CD4, CD1D, CD1A, CCNT1, CCNG2, CCNG1, CCNE1, CCNB1, CBS, CXCR5, BLK, EYA2, ANGPT2, ALPP, ALPI, ALOX12, AKR1B1, ALDOC, ALDH1A3, ALDH1A1, ALCAM, AGT, AGRP, ADRA2A, ADK, ADH7, ADH1A, ADCY2, ACY1, ACVRL1, ACTN4, ACTG1, ACP1, ASIC1, ACADM, ABCA1, ALX3, APBB1, BIK, APBB2, BGN, BGLAP, BCS1L, BCR, BCL2L2, BBS2, ADGRB1, BAD, ATP7A, ATP2B4, ATF3, ATF1, ASPA, ARSF, ARSA, ARNTL, ARF3, KLK3, APOD, APOC1, APOA1, BIRC2, APEH, CDKN2D, CDR1, CEACAM5, E2F4, DVL1, DUSP6, DUSP5, DTYMK, HBEGF, DSC3, DRD2, DR1, DPYSL3, DPYS, DPP6, DNMT3B, DNM2, DNAH8, SARDH, DIO3, SEPTIN1, DHPS, DFFB, DHX9, DDT, GADD45A, DCN, DVL3, E2F5, CEBPD, EBF1, ETV5, ETV4, ETV1, ETFA, ESRRA, ESR2, ERCC6, ERCC5, ERCC4, ERCC1, ERBB3, EPOR, EPHB1, EPB41, ENDOG, ELF4, ELAVL2, EIF5A, EIF4G2, EGR2, EEF2, LPAR1, TYMP, BRINP1, DAXX, DAPK3, DAPK1, CREM, CRABP1, CPD, COX8A, CORT, COMT, COL5A2, CNR2, CNN1, CMKLR1, CMA1, CLTC, CLTA, TPP1, CLCN4, ERCC8, CHRNA7, CHRNA3, CHN2, CHN1, CHM, RCBTB2, CGA, CRHR1, CRKL, CRP, CST3, DAP, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYLD, CYBB, CX3CR1, CTSB, CTNNA2, CTBP2, NCAN, CRYAB, VCAN, CSNK1E, CSH2, CSH1, CSF3R, CSF1R, CSF1, CS, CRYGD, CRYGC, NHLH1, NMB, SH2D3C, MROS, MAFK, GHS, TFEB, ST8SIA4, RAB7A, MANF, FZD5, LEPQTL1, BTG2, EVI5, LRP8, MEMO1, MAP3K12, SLC30A3, ZNF236, MZF1, CNBP, XRCC4, XPNPEP1, XPA, XIST, XBP1P1, XBP1, TFPI2, ADAM12, WNT5A, FOSL1, H4C13, H4C5, H4C2, H4C8, H4C3, H4C11, H4C12, H4C6, H4C4, H4C1, FZD6, FZD1, BAP1, AXIN2, H4C9, USP9X, NRIP1, GDF5, MIA, NPRL3, HMGA2, YEATS4, AAAS, WNT7A, WNT3, NR0B2, TRAF2, TPT1, TPI1, TPH1, TPD52, TOP1, TNFAIP1, TMSB4X, TMOD1, TSPAN8, TLR4, TLR2, TLE1, NKX2-1, TIMP3, THRA, THPO, THBS2, TGFBI, TGFB2, TGFA, TFAP4, TFAP2C, TFAP2B, HSP90B1, HSP90B2P, WAS, TRPC3, WARS1, VSNL1, VRK2, VIPR2, VGF, VEGFC, VDR, VCAM1, UVRAG, UQCRFS1, UCP3, UCP2, SUMO1, UBE2I, UBA7, UBB, TYRP1, TYR, TYMS, TXNRD1, PHLDA2, TSC2, TSC1, H4C14, UTF1, NME3, RGS6, APOBEC3B, CLOCK, BCAR1, CIR1, BAG2, TMEM59, EEF1E1, TBPL1, SLC25A27, ROCK2, ATG5, EIF2AK3, GSTO1, ITM2B, ECEL1, PPT2, ADIPOQ, ASIC3, S1PR2, PIWIL1, MAPKAPK2, DHRS3, CRLF1, NCOR2, ISG15, PTTG1, DEPDC5, PARP3, PARP2, NAALADL1, AKT3, SCO2, HNRNPDL, RBX1, SLC23A2, ARNT2, SRGAP3, WASHC5, FIG4, POM121, GAB2, CUL7, DLGAP5, MATR3, PCLAF, HDAC4, SART3, DOCK4, ECE2, N4BP1, MSC, DLGAP1, RECK, CDKL1, TRIM24, TNFRSF10B, SNAP23, PABPC4, ADAM23, TNFSF9, RIPK1, B4GALT3, EIF3I, IRS2, TNKS, DYNLL1, SOCS1, HSD17B6, NPFF, USO1, STC2, TNFSF11, RRP1, YARS1, ENC1, RAE1, CUL1, IL18R1, IQGAP1, LGI1, HCAR3, SLC16A7, ARHGEF2, HGS, KCNQ4, P2RX6, SLC16A5, INA, USP14, SART1, ARTN, RNF8, BTRC, RAB29, SNURF, HERC2, ENDOU, FUBP1, SYNJ1, PER2, PER3, APLN, CDK5R1, KAT2B, TERF2, TEK, TEAD4, LGMN, MAPK10, PRKCZ, PRKCI, PRKCE, PRKAB1, PRKAA2, PRKAA1, PRB1, PPP5C, PPP3R1, PPP3CB, PPP2CA, PNMT, PMCH, PMAIP1, PKNOX1, PITX3, PIP, PIK3R2, PIK3R1, PIK3C2G, PIK3C2B, SERPINE2, PRPS1, TMPRSS15, ABCB4, PSMD4, RFC1, RENBP, REL, RBL2, RBBP4, RB1, RASGRF1, RARRES2, RAP2B, RAP1B, RAG1, RAD52, RAD51, RAB1A, PVT1, NECTIN1, PVR, PTPN6, PTMAP4, PTMA, PTH1R, PTGER2, PTGDR, PHB, PGF, PPP1R11, OPRK1, OCA2, OAZ2, OAZ1, NR4A2, NUP98, NUCB2, NTS, ROR2, ROR1, NTF4, NSF, NRGN, NPY5R, NPY1R, NPTX2, NPPA, NPC1, PNP, NOVA2, NOTCH2, NNMT, NQO2, NME4, OGDH, OSM, PFKFB3, OXA1L, PER1, PEG3, ENPP2, PDK1, PDGFRA, PDGFA, PCMT1, PCDH7, PRKN, SERPINE1, PRDX1, PCSK6, PA2G4, P2RY6, P2RY4, P2RY2, P2RY1, P2RX5, P2RX4, P2RX3, P2RX1, OXTR, OXT, RFC2, RFX1, RGS2, SREBF2, SPP1, SPINK1, SP3, SOX10, SOX9, SOX5, SOS1, SORL1, SORD, SOD3, SOAT1, SNRPN, SNCB, SMO, SLPI, SLC25A1, SLC18A2, SLC18A1, SLC12A3, SLC11A1, SLC8A3, SLC6A4, SLC5A5, SREBF1, SSBP1, RGS16, SSR2, TRBV20OR9-2, ZEB1, TCF7, TCF4, ELOC, TBXA2R, TBX5, TAPBP, TAP2, TAP1, TAF13, TAF12, TAF2, TAF1, SYK, SULT1C2, CDKL5, STAU1, STAT4, STAT2, STAT1, SSX4, SSX2, SLC3A2, SLC2A5, SLC2A3, SLC1A1, SCNN1A, SCN1A, ATXN2, TSPAN31, SAA2, SAA1, S100A12, S100A10, RYR2, RXRB, RXRA, RRBP1, RPS6KB1, RPS6KA3, RPE65, RP1, RORB, RORA, ROBO2, RNH1, RMRP, RHO, RHD, CCL5, CCL7, CCL18, SRSF3, SKIL, SIX1, ST8SIA1, SIAH1, SHMT2, SHC1, SHBG, SGK1, SGCB, SRSF6, SRSF1, CCL20, SFPQ, SET, SELPLG, SELP, SELE, SDHD, SDHC, SDHA, SDC1, XCL1, H3P40
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Watershed Stroke
Wikipedia
Going forward, research to combat watershed strokes is focusing on various topics, such as stem cell research. [ citation needed ] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 3 Pathogenesis 3.1 Anatomy 3.2 Hypotension 3.3 Microemboli 3.4 ICA occlusions 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Classification systems 5 Treatment 5.1 Carotid endarterectomy 5.2 Percutaneous treatments of carotid stenosis 5.2.1 Carotid angioplasty 5.2.2 Carotid stenting 6 Prognosis 6.1 Rehabilitative therapies 6.2 Surgical interventions 6.3 Prevention of future strokes 7 Research 7.1 Stem cell transplantation 7.2 Strokes after cardiac surgery 7.3 Deep watershed infarcts 7.4 Basilar artery (BA) stenting 7.5 Penumbra imaging 7.5.1 CLEVSRKNC peptide 7.5.2 Liposomal drug delivery 8 Terminology 9 References Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Watershed stroke symptoms are due to the reduced blood flow to all parts of the body, specifically the brain, thus leading to brain damage. ... The dual contribution of hemodynamic impairment and microembolism would result in different treatment for patients with these specific infarcts. [22] Basilar artery (BA) stenting [ edit ] While intracranial artery stenting is used for same side stroke prevention, basilar artery stenting may help to improve parallel, accessory blood flow. ... The Lancet . 353 (9168): 1935. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00966-6 . PMID 10371574 . ^ a b Martini, F, Nath, J, Bartholomew, E 2012. ... The Lancet . 337 (8756): 1521–6. doi : 10.1016/0140-6736(91)93206-O . PMID 1675378 . Later publications distinguish between "syndrome" and "infarct", based on evidence from imaging. ... Neurosurgery . 65 (5): 860–5, discussion 865. doi : 10.1227/01.NEU.0000358953.19069.E5 . PMID 19834397 . ^ Winter, Jackie; Hunter, S.; Sim, J.; Crome, P. (2011).
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Leprosy
Wikipedia
A 3-drug regimen of rifampicin , dapsone and clofazimine is recommended for all people with leprosy, for 6 months for paucibacillary leprosy and 12 months for multibacillary leprosy. [10] Multidrug therapy (MDT) remains highly effective, and people are no longer infectious after the first monthly dose. [4] It is safe and easy to use under field conditions due to its presentation in calendar blister packs. [4] Post-treatment relapse rates remain low. [4] Resistance has been reported in several countries, although the number of cases is small. [84] People with rifampicin-resistant leprosy may be treated with second line drugs such as fluoroquinolones , minocycline , or clarithromycin , but the treatment duration is 24 months due to their lower bactericidal activity. [85] Evidence on the potential benefits and harms of alternative regimens for drug-resistant leprosy is not yet available. [10] Skin changes [ edit ] For people with nerve damage, protective footwear may help prevent ulcers and secondary infection. [31] Canvas shoes may be better than PVC-boots. [31] There may be no difference between double rocker shoes and below-knee plaster. [31] Topical ketanserin seems to have a better effect on ulcer healing than clioquinol cream or zinc paste, but the evidence for this is weak. [31] Phenytoin applied to the skin improves skin changes to a greater degree when compared to saline dressings. [31] Epidemiology [ edit ] Main article: Epidemiology of leprosy New cases of leprosy in 2016. [86] [87] Disability-adjusted life year for leprosy per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 [88] no data <1.5 1.5–3 3–4.5 4.5–6 6–7.5 7.5–9 9–10.5 10.5–12 12–13.5 13.5–15 15–20 >20 In 2018, there were 208,619 new cases of leprosy recorded, a slight decrease from 2017. [89] In 2015, 94% of the new leprosy cases were confined to 14 countries. [90] India reported the greatest number of new cases (60% of reported cases), followed by Brazil (13%) and Indonesia (8%). [90] Although the number of cases worldwide continues to fall, there are parts of the world where leprosy is more common, including Brazil, South Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan), some parts of Africa (Tanzania, Madagascar, Mozambique), and the western Pacific. [90] About 150 to 250 cases are diagnosed in the United States each year. [91] In the 1960s, there were tens of millions of leprosy cases recorded when the bacteria started to develop resistance to dapsone , the most common treatment option at the time. [4] [14] International (e.g., the WHO 's "Global Strategy for Reducing Disease Burden Due to Leprosy") and national (e.g., the International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations) initiatives have reduced the total number and the number of new cases of the disease. [14] [92] Disease burden [ edit ] The number of new leprosy cases is difficult to measure and monitor due to leprosy's long incubation period, delays in diagnosis after onset of the disease, and lack of medical care in affected areas. [93] The registered prevalence of the disease is used to determine disease burden. [94] Registered prevalence is a useful proxy indicator of the disease burden, as it reflects the number of active leprosy cases diagnosed with the disease and receiving treatment with MDT at a given point in time. [94] The prevalence rate is defined as the number of cases registered for MDT treatment among the population in which the cases have occurred, again at a given point in time. [94] History [ edit ] Main article: History of leprosy G. ... This confirms the spread of the disease along the migration, colonisation, and slave trade routes taken from East Africa to India, West Africa to the New World, and from Africa into Europe and vice versa. [95] The oldest skeletal evidence for the disease dates from 2000 BC, as found in human remains from the archaeological sites of Balathal in India and Harappa in Pakistan. [96] [97] Although retrospectively identifying descriptions of leprosy-like symptoms is difficult, what appears to be leprosy was discussed by Hippocrates in 460 BC. ... Various skin diseases translated as leprosy appear in the ancient Indian text, the Atharava Veda , by 600 BC. [122] Another Indian text, the Manusmriti (200 BC), prohibited contact with those infected with the disease and made marriage to a person infected with leprosy punishable. [123] The Hebraic root tsara or tsaraath (צָרַע,—tsaw-rah'—to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous) and the Greek (λεπρός—lepros), are of broader classification than the more narrow use of the term related to Hansen's Disease. [124] Any progressive skin disease (a whitening or splotchy bleaching of skin, raised manifestations of scales, scabs, infections, rashes, etc....) as well as generalized molds and surface discoloration of any clothing, leather, or discoloration on walls or surfaces throughout homes all came under the "law of leprosy" (Leviticus 14:54–57). [125] Ancient sources also such as the Talmud (Sifra 63) make clear that tzaraath refers to various types of lesions or stains associated with ritual impurity and occurring on cloth, leather, or houses, as well as skin. ... Leprosy a practical guide . Milan: Springer. p. 326. ISBN 978-88-470-2376-5 . Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. ... Jaypee Brothers Publishers. p. 779. ISBN 978-81-8448-242-3 . ^ "Q and A about leprosy" .CCDC88B, SLC11A1, TLR2, TLR1, IL23R, RAB32, BATF3, LTA, HLA-DRB1, LACC1, CCDC122, TNFSF15, C1orf141, HLA-B, PRKN, TNF, RIPK2, SIGLEC5, IL18R1, IL10, IL1RL1, LINC02571, DELEC1, FILIP1, BBS9, COX4I1, CDH18, SLC2A13, RMI2, SNX20, LINC01091, WASF5P, UBE2V1P15, LINC00690, IFNG, NOD2, VDR, LRRK2, SDHD, PACRG, IL6, MBL2, RBM45, TLR4, MICA, ERBB2, IL4, IL12B, BTNL2, HLA-A, HSPD1, HLA-DQA1, IL2, GEM, S100A6, DDX39A, SLC26A3, MRC1, NGF, CFP, CCL4, CFH, DDX39B, TOLLIP, TGFBR2, KIR3DL1, CTLA4, IL17F, SLC7A9, IL2RA, HSD11B2, APOE, IL1B, IL10RB, CXCL10, IL17A, IL12RB2, BCHE, CD209, ACTG2, IL22, CCR2, TOR1B, FOXP3, NT5C3A, POTEM, CD274, IL37, CYP2E1, PARL, CYP19A1, ACAD8, RNU1-1, NUPR1, H3C9P, SPAG8, PTPN22, NLRP1, ACOT7, ACTG1, POTEKP, EMC3, CR1, ADGB, PWAR1, CASP8, APOA1, STING1, CD14, TNFSF8, CD40, IRGM, TIRAP, CD40LG, DEFB1, ACTBL2, IL26, GAL3ST4, SLC52A2, PINK1, CCR5, ANXA2, ZNF410, HAMP, MAVS, AKR1B10, ANXA1, FMNL1, HLA-DQB1, SOCS1, MASP2, MFN2, PCK1, HIF1A, PAEP, NOS2, NFKBIL1, MPZ, MNAT1, MICB, CIITA, LTB, LGALS3, LDLR, KIR3DL2, KIR2DS1, KDR, ISG20, IL15, IL13RA1, IL13, IL10RA, HLA-C, CXCR2, IL5RA, IL1RN, IL1A, IGF1, HSPE1, POLG, PREP, RNU1-4, FLNA, BMS1, FHL5, IL32, MAP3K14, BCL10, NR1I2, F2R, FCN1, FCN2, HLA-DRB4, FCN3, VEGFA, TOP2A, S100A1, CXCR3, GSTM1, TGFBR1, TGFB1, TFAM, TAP1, STAT3, SOD2, SLAMF1, ACACA, CCL3, S100B, SERPINA3
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Squamous-Cell Carcinoma Of The Lung
Wikipedia
A squamous-cell carcinoma is often preceded for years by squamous-cell metaplasia or dysplasia in the respiratory epithelium of the bronchi, which later transforms to carcinoma in situ . [ citation needed ] Large scale studies such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) have systematically characterized recurrent somatic alterations likely driving lung squamous-cell carcinoma initiation and development. [3] [4] Gene mutations and copy number alterations [ edit ] Squamous-cell lung carcinoma is one of the tumor types with the highest number of mutations since smoking, the main driver of the disease, is a strong mutagenic factor. [5] Inactivating mutations in lung SCC affect many tumor suppressor genes such as TP53 (mutated in 81% of cases), MLL2 (20%), CDKN2A (15%), KEAP1 (12%) and PTEN (8%). ... Epidemiology [ edit ] Lung squamous-cell carcinoma is the second most common histologic type of lung cancer after adenocarcinoma, reaching 22.6% of all lung cancer cases as of 2012. [11] The relative incidence of the former has been steadily decreasing in favor of the latter due to the decreasing smoking rates in the last few years. [9] As much as 91% of lung SCC has been found to be attributable to cigarette smoking. ... Retrieved 2019-02-28 . ^ a b Kenfield SA, Wei EK, Stampfer MJ, Rosner BA, Colditz GA (June 2008). "Comparison of aspects of smoking among the four histological types of lung cancer" . ... "Scalable Open Science Approach for Mutation Calling of Tumor Exomes Using Multiple Genomic Pipelines" . Cell Systems . 6 (3): 271–281.e7. doi : 10.1016/j.cels.2018.03.002 . ... PMC 4862209 . PMID 25979930 . ^ a b Derman BA, Mileham KF, Bonomi PD, Batus M, Fidler MJ (October 2015).FGFR2, EGFR, DDR2, KRAS, EPHA2, FGFR1, IGF1R, TTN, PLK1, NOTCH1, FYN, PRKDC, DDR1, MAST4, EPHA3, MYLK4, EPHA5, ANKK1, WNK3, ACVR1C, GUCY2F, DCLK3, MAP3K15, AURKC, BMP2K, TRIM24, MYO18B, ERBB4, MAP2K4, MAP4K3, CSF1R, ATR, TP53, CDKN2A, PIK3CA, BRAF, FGFR3, NFE2L2, STK11, FBXW7, HLA-A, CHRNA3, CLPTM1L, HRAS, PTEN, EP300, HLA-DQA1, CYP2A6, HNF1B, DCLK1, KRT8, BRCA2, H2AC6, TNXB, HLA-B, DCUN1D4, PDS5B, THRB, ATXN2, TRIM26, DBH, HLA-DMB, GBAP1, FRY, RALY, ESM1, SH2B3, MORF4L1, HCP5, SOX2, ZSCAN12, SCGN, BTN3A3, ZNF623, GSTM1, PKD2L1, MED12, HLA-DQA2, NEB, LCORL, MORN5, GPX6, LINC-PINT, CENPP, PC, B2M, NF1, FAM155A, PPP6C, ALK, CDKN2B-AS1, ZSCAN16-AS1, MTX1, EGFR-AS1, MUC22, PTCSC2, TSBP1-AS1, CYP1A1, NEK10, BTBD9, VARS2, BABAM1, CD274, ZNRD1, RAD51B, LRRC8D, CARMIL1, CREBBP, PTPN11, REXO4, NPAS3, TUBA1C, WNK1, ZNF322, CHRNB4, USHBP1, PGBD1, KCNH1, APOM, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, PIK3CG, H3P10, TP63, NME1, GPC3, PTHLH, MIR205, MET, CEACAM5, VEGFA, RARB, GATA6, CCND1, MKS1, MAP2K7, MAPK3, BDNF, CDK4, SFTA1P, DSG3, MIR93, MYC, AKT1, CTNNB1, TYMS, RAD52, ME1, TOP2A, TGFBR2, ELAVL2, PDPN, OGG1, SOX2-OT, MALAT1, MIR145, MIR150, ZEB1, PDCD1, MIR21, MBD2, NAPSA, PARP1, PROM1, SUMO1P3, MIR375, MIR590, CXCR4, MPO, MMP9, MLH1, CCNB2, CKAP4, FGF19, RET, TPX2, TRIM58, DGCR5, HPGDS, SGSM3, RPE65, ROS1, RFC4, SLC2A2, UVRAG, SKP2, XAF1, PTPN13, ACKR3, PTK2, SST, DMRT3, PSG2, STAT3, PDCD1LG2, PRKCI, TIMP1, BMP4, CLDN3, COL11A2, ERBB2, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, FHIT, STMN1, IL6, FGFR4, LGALS8, CAV1, LOXL2, CDH1, EIF4G1, GABPA, BCL2, GSTP1, IFNG, DUSP6, CEACAM3, CEACAM7, MCL1, MDM2, SMAD4, AGER, CTLA4, GLI1, BIRC6, SOX17, AICDA, MYDGF, METTL3, COL17A1, SPC25, RAD18, SYT13, CLDN7, CCAR2, METTL14, COX8A, KIF15, MRTFA, CNOT6, NSD1, MEOX1, ZMAT3, DENND2D, ZNF503, CDKN1B, MAP1LC3A, HOPX, CHRNA4, FSD1L, DOCK8, MAP1LC3B, CHRNA7, CHUK, TBL1XR1, P2RY12, AP2M1, IRX1, FSD1, MAPKAP1, FTO, BRD9, CLU, CCR4, MRPL41, IL25, FRTS1, CRK, CPOX, LMO3, IL17C, LHX6, FBXO5, DAXX, PRPF31, POLDIP2, RNF19A, AKR1C2, NOCT, CIZ1, SNHG1, CORO1C, MMD, NCS1, SIRT1, COBL, GRAMD4, GADD45A, PEG10, DIO3, DMRT1, MMRN1, DNAH5, TUSC2, WIF1, IL17B, GPR78, RBMS3, CSNK2A1, BRK1, CACNA2D3, CHFR, HHAT, ATG4D, MAPK14, CSF1, BRF2, CSF2, CSF3, ALKBH5, EGLN1, TMEM97, CYTL1, SOX18, GPR87, IL17D, BCL11A, ANAPC11, GOLM1, GMNN, CSNK2A2, CTSB, EML4, RIOX2, IL17F, CDKN1A, MNX1-AS1, MIR193B, MIR452, MIR448, AQP5, ARG2, MIR372, MIR342, MIR324, MIR135B, MAP1LC3C, C5orf17, PRR26, MIR9-3, BCHE, MIR31, MIR29B2, MIR29B1, MIR29A, MIR28, MIR224, MIR223, MIR206, BMI1, MIR203A, MIR20A, MIR486-1, IGF2BP2-AS1, MIR195, LINC00273, SEC62-AS1, LINC01419, ADRA1A, ADRA2B, LINC01206, MIR5682, COMMD3-BMI1, LINC00968, AGTR1, PCAT6, MIR1911, ALB, GATA6-AS1, VPS9D1-AS1, MIR944, MIR541, ALDH1A1, MIR671, ANG, LINC00460, MIR662, ANGPT1, MIR588, MIR579, NME1-NME2, MIR198, MIR192, TRIM15, CD14, STXBP4, FAM83B, ADGRF4, CD44, FBXO45, PLPP4, FEZF1-AS1, APCDD1L-DT, IL23R, FAM163A, HJV, PIWIL4, LINC00261, ADHFE1, CD109, CDK2, PODN, LRRK2, CDK7, AZIN2, PRDM5, MUC16, MTDH, IL33, ERVH48-1, MS4A3, CCNE1, MIR185, TBX5-AS1, MIR183, MIR182, MIR15A, FOXL2, MIR144, MIR141, MIR140, MIR125A, MIRLET7I, BRS3, USP17L7, SERPING1, CCL4L1, KMT5A, CA9, CASP3, CASR, CBR1, GADL1, CELIAC2, STPG4, CXCL17, HCCAT5, SBF2-AS1, CCK, FSTL1, AHSA1, DSC3, S100A10, RRM2, RPS14, FOXA2, HNRNPU, RGS3, HOXA10, HSPB1, HTC2, IRF8, MOK, IFIT2, PVT1, PTPRA, IGF2R, TWF1, PTK7, IHH, PTGS2, IL10, IL17A, MASP1, IDO1, MAPK8, IRF1, MAPK1, S100A6, HLA-C, DUSP1, SERPINB3, GSTM2, STAT1, SSTR4, SRPK2, SRPK1, SQLE, SPARC, SOX4, GZMB, HLTF, HBE1, SLC2A1, HIC1, SIM1, SIAH2, SHH, SFTPB, TRA2B, SRSF2, SRSF1, HK2, SELENOP, SELP, CCL4, CCL2, IRF4, ITGB4, KIF5B, PPBP, NME2, NGFR, NFYC, NFKBIA, NFIX, LRP6, LRP5, EPCAM, NCAM1, MYO10, MYH10, MYCN, SMAD3, MYBPH, MUC4, MUC1, ND5, MSR1, MSH2, MMP14, MCM2, MMP7, MCM5, MIF, MIA2, LIPA, LGALS1, CLDN11, SERPINA1, POU4F2, POU3F2, KIT, PLG, PLAU, PKP1, PIK3R2, KRT19, KRT81, LCK, SERPINB5, ABCB1, OVOL1, PDGFRB, LCN2, PCNA, LDHA, PAX7, PARN, PAK1, SERPINE1, PAEP, PEBP1, P2RY1, AURKA, GSPT1, GSK3B, BECN1, CCL4L2, TP53I3, BAG4, EIF2AK3, GRAP2, COX5A, PLAA, KL, SOCS6, PIWIL1, ERCC1, LPAR2, ESRRA, CLDN1, CLDN12, PRC1, ETV4, H3C7, EZH2, SQSTM1, F2R, INPP4B, FAP, TNFRSF10B, DLK1, EPHX1, KMT2B, KEAP1, HCG9, E2F1, CHL1, CXCR6, ECT2, SPAG5, EDNRA, TACC3, YAP1, PIAS3, DLC1, EEF2, GPHN, EPHB3, WASF2, PDIA6, EIF4E, ARL4C, ARPC5, BCL2L11, HDAC5, ENO1, EPAS1, GAB2, ZEB2, TNFSF10, FGF1, MAP3K7, GAS7, FUS, FUT1, TTF1, NR2C2, TPD52, TOP3A, GATA3, GATA4, TNNI3, TNF, CLDN5, TK1, TIAL1, TIA1, GPR42, THOP1, THBS2, GPX2, TGFBI, TGFB1, TFF3, TFAM, TERC, GRN, GRM8, SUMO1, SCGB1A1, USP4, FGF9, FGF3, HYAL3, H3C2, H3C10, H3C12, H3C8, H3C11, H3C6, H3C3, H3C4, H3C1, FXR1, FOXO3, KMT2D, AIMP2, USP7, YWHAZ, XRCC3, XRCC1, XPC, WNT5A, VIM, FOXM1, VDAC3, ABL2
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Neuro-Behçet's Disease
Wikipedia
It is suggested that the pathogenesis of the two types are probably different.[3] Statistics indicate that approximately 75% (772 of 1031) BD patients advanced to parenchymal NBD while 17.7% (183 of 1031) of BD patients advanced to non-parenchymal NBD. ... The reason is that the mechanisms of cerebral venous thrombosis in BD are still poorly understood. Some doctors use anti-coagulants to prevent a clot. On the other hand, some doctors only give steroids and immunosuppressants alone. [8] [9] Epidemiology [ edit ] In one study of 387 Behçet's disease (BD) patients that has been done for 20 years, 13% of men with BD developed to NBD and 5.6% of women developed to NBD. ... "Neurological complications of Behçet's syndrome" . Brain . 122 (11): 2183–94. doi : 10.1093/brain/122.11.2183 . ... J Neurol Sci . 170 (2): 105–11. doi : 10.1016/s0022-510x(99)00165-3 . PMID 10561525 . S2CID 24943648 . ^ Barros R, Santos E, Moreira B, et al.
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Ophthalmia
Wikipedia
Due to the ophthalmia, and his absence from the first battle, he was not buried with proper funeral rites of a Spartan captain. [2] Cicero, on 1 March 49 BC wrote to Atticus that he was suffering from ophthalmia. [3] Eratosthenes , who among other things was a Greek geographer and mathematician, contracted ophthalmia as he aged, becoming blind around 195 BC, depressing him and causing him to voluntarily starve himself to death. He died in 194 BC at the age of 82. [4] Hannibal 's sight was lost in his right eye in 217 BC by what was likely ophthalmia. ... New England Journal of Medicine . 380 (2): e2. doi : 10.1056/NEJMicm1808613 . PMID 30625059 . ^ Mackenzie, C. (2010).