Uterine inversion Complete inverted uterus Specialty Obstetrics Symptoms Postpartum bleeding , abdominal pain, mass in the vagina, low blood pressure [1] Types First, second, third, fourth degree [1] Risk factors Pulling on the umbilical cord or pushing on the top of the uterus before the placenta has detached, uterine atony , placenta previa , connective tissue disorders [1] Diagnostic method Seeing the inside of the uterus in the vagina [2] Differential diagnosis Uterine fibroid , uterine atony , bleeding disorder , retained placenta [1] Treatment Standard resuscitation , rapidly replacing the uterus [1] Medication Oxytocin , antibiotics [1] Prognosis ~15% risk of death [3] Frequency About 1 in 6,000 deliveries [1] [4] Uterine inversion is when the uterus turns inside out, usually following childbirth . [1] Symptoms include postpartum bleeding , abdominal pain, a mass in the vagina, and low blood pressure . [1] Rarely inversion may occur not in association with pregnancy . [5] Risk factors include pulling on the umbilical cord or pushing on the top of the uterus before the placenta has detached. [1] Other risk factors include uterine atony , placenta previa , and connective tissue disorders . [1] Diagnosis is by seeing the inside of the uterus either in or coming out of the vagina . [2] [6] Treatment involves standard resuscitation together with replacing the uterus as rapidly as possible. [1] If efforts at manual replacement are not successful surgery is required. [1] After the uterus is replaced oxytocin and antibiotics are typically recommended. [1] The placenta can then be removed if it is still attached. [1] Uterine inversion occurs in about 1 in 2,000 to 1 in 10,000 deliveries. [1] [4] Rates are higher in the developing world . [1] The risk of death of the mother is about 15% while historically it has been as high as 80%. [3] [1] The condition has been described since at least 300 BC by Hippocrates . [1] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 2.1 Associations 3 Types 4 Treatment 5 Epidemiology 6 References Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Drawing of an inverted uterus Uterine inversion is often associated with significant postpartum bleeding .
Medical condition Chemical burn Other names Acid burn Chemical burns caused by exposure to mustard gas during the First World War . Specialty Emergency medicine Symptoms itching , bleaching or darkening of skin, burning sensations, trouble breathing , coughing blood and/or tissue necrosis Causes most common include: sulfuric acid , hydrochloric acid , sodium hydroxide , lime , silver nitrate , and greater than 5% hydrogen peroxide soloutions.
The disorder can also be caused secondary to a compression, co-morbid vascular disease , infection , or may be idiopathic with an unknown cause. [2] Both plexopathies can also occur as a consequence of radiation therapy, [3] sometimes after 30 or more years have passed, in conditions known as Radiation-induced Brachial Plexopathy (RIBP) [4] and Radiation-induced Lumbosacral Plexopathy (RILP) . [5] Diagnosis [ edit ] The first steps in the evaluation and later management of plexopathy would consist of gathering a medical history and conducting a physical examination by a healthcare clinician.
Dobson et al. (2002) reported the clinical features of 6 patients with the cblB type, confirmed by molecular analysis. Age at onset was in the first days of life with lethargy, vomiting, failure to thrive, respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis, methymalonic aciduria, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and moderate hyperammonemia.
Failure to thrive presents on average at 7 months of age. [1] Of note the syndrome is not associated with developmental delay. [2] There may be associated hydrocephalus . Diencephalic syndrome was first described by Russell in 1951. [3] It is usually caused by a brain tumor such as a low-grade glioma or astrocytoma located in the hypothalamic - optic chiasmatic region. [1] It is not yet understood how diencephalic syndrome causes the effects on appetite and metabolism which are seen, though inappropriately high growth hormone release has been proposed, [4] as has excessive β-lipotropin secretion [1] and overall increased metabolic demand. [5] It is treated with nutritional optimisation while the underlying lesion is treated with chemotherapy , surgery or radiotherapy .
Diencephalic syndrome (DS) is a rare condition characterized by profound emaciation and failure to thrive (with normal caloric intake and normal linear growth), hyperalertness, hyperkinesia and euphoria, in the presence of hypothalamic tumors. Epidemiology The prevalence is unknown. Clinical description DS usually presents in infants or young children (mean age 6 months), but can also occur rarely in older children and adults. DS usually occurs in the presence of low grade astrocytoma/glioma brain tumors of the hypothalamus, which may extend into the optic pathway. These tumors are usually more aggressive and appear at a younger age when associated with DS. Rarely, DS can be secondary to craniopharyngioma, as well as other suprasellar tumors.
Diencephalic syndrome is a condition caused by a tumor located in a portion of the brain above the brainstem called the diencephalon . The diencephalon includes the hypothalamus and the thalamus . This condition is usually found in infants and young children and may result in symptoms including failure to gain weight and grow normally (failure to thrive), progressive thinness and weakness (emaciation), and hyperactivity and restlessness (hyperkinesia). Other symptoms may include abnormal eye movements and vision issues, vomiting, and hydrocephalus. Diencephalic syndrome is most commonly caused by astrocytomas; however, other types of tumors may be associated including ependymoma , dysgerminoma , and ganglioma . Given their location, these tumors may cause symptoms by leading to abnormal functioning of the hypothalamus and optic nerve .
The British National Lymphoma Investigation further categorized NSHL based upon Reed-Sternberg cells into "nodular sclerosis type I" (NS I) and "nodular sclerosis type II" (NS II), with the first subtype responding better to treatment. [2] References [ edit ] ^ Falchi L, Capello D, Palumbo B, et al.
Eponym [ edit ] The phenomenon is named after the American ophthalmologist Robert Hollenhorst who first described their significance in 1961. [1] References [ edit ] ^ Hollenhorst RW (1961).
IGCM frequently leads to death with a high rate of about 70% in first year. A patient with IGCM typically presents with symptoms of heart failure , although some may present initially with ventricular arrhythmia or heart block .
Advanced symptoms include muscle cramps , lightheadedness, dizziness or vertigo , feelings of anxiety or panic, increased heart rate or slowed heart rate , low blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension which can result in fainting . [5] Other symptoms frequently associated with dysautonomia include headaches , pallor , malaise , facial flushing, constipation or diarrhea , nausea , acid reflux , visual disturbances, numbness, nerve pain, trouble breathing , chest pain, loss of consciousness, and seizures . [5] Causes [ edit ] CSWS is usually caused by brain injury/trauma or cerebral lesion, tumor, or hematoma. [ citation needed ] Diagnosis [ edit ] CSWS is a diagnosis of exclusion and may be difficult to distinguish from the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), which develops under similar circumstances and also presents with hyponatremia. [1] The main clinical difference is that of total fluid status of the patient: CSWS leads to a relative or overt low blood volume [3] whereas SIADH is consistent with a normal or high blood volume (due to water reabsorption via the V2 receptor). [1] If blood-sodium levels increase when fluids are restricted, SIADH is more likely. [6] Additionally, urine output is classically low in SIADH and elevated in CSWS. [1] Treatment [ edit ] While CSWS usually appears within the first week after brain injury and spontaneously resolves in 2–4 weeks, it can sometimes last for months or years.
Prognosis [ edit ] If untreated, has three distinct phases. [1] The first is a prepulseless inflammatory stage with nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, arthralgias, and low-grade fevers.
Immunoproliferative disorder Other names Immunoproliferative diseases or Immunoproliferative neoplasms Specialty Hematology and oncology Immunoproliferative disorders , are disorders of the immune system that are characterized by the abnormal proliferation of the primary cells of the immune system, which includes B cells , T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, or by the excessive production of immunoglobulins (also known as antibodies). [ citation needed ] Contents 1 Classes 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Classes [ edit ] These disorders are subdivided into three main classes, which are lymphoproliferative disorders , hypergammaglobulinemia , and paraproteinemia . [1] The first is cellular, and the other two are humoral (however, humoral excess can be secondary to cellular excess.)
Type IV hypersensitivity Other names Delayed type hypersensitivity Specialty Immunology Type IV hypersensitivity is often called delayed type hypersensitivity as the reaction takes several days to develop. [1] Unlike the other types, it is not antibody -mediated but rather is a type of cell-mediated response. This response involves the interaction of T-cells, monocytes, and macrophages. This reaction is caused when CD4+ T h 1 helper T cells recognize foreign antigen in a complex with the MHC class II on the surface of antigen-presenting cells . These can be macrophages that secrete IL-12 , which stimulates the proliferation of further CD4+ T h 1 cells. CD4+ T cells secrete IL-2 and interferon gamma , inducing the further release of other T h 1 cytokines , thus mediating the immune response.
Being ready to answer them may reserve time to go over any points you want to spend more time on. When did your skin condition first appear? Does your rash cause any discomfort?
The appearance of new rings years later is not uncommon. [6] History [ edit ] The disease was first described in 1895 by Thomas Colcott Fox and it was named granuloma annulare by Henry Radcliffe Crocker in 1902. [7] See also [ edit ] Granuloma Necrobiosis lipoidica References [ edit ] ^ Dennis, Mark; Bowen, William Talbot; Cho, Lucy (2012).
Granuloma annulare (GA) is skin disorder that most often causes a rash with red bumps (erythematous papules) arranged in a circle or ring pattern (annular). GA is not contagious and is not cancerous. The rash may be localized or generalized. Localized GA is the most common form of GA (75% of the cases) and usually affects the forearms, hands, or feet. The generalized form of GA (15% of cases) presents with numerous erythematous papules that form larger, slightly raised patches (plaques) anywhere on the body, including the palms of hands and soles of feet. The plaques may or may not be in the ring pattern and can vary in color.
Viral hemorrhagic cystitis in children generally spontaneously resolves within a few days. The first step in the treatment of HC should be directed toward clot evacuation.
. ^ State Of Shock | Shock Jocks | Pop Culture News | News + Notes | Entertainment Weekly | 1 Further reading Fritscher, Jack (1978). "Review of END PRODUCT: THE FIRST TABOO by Dan Sabbath and Mandel Hall, Preface by Abby Rockefeller.
Clinical Features Temple et al. (1995) described 5 unrelated children (3 males and 2 females) with the association of cranial defects, polysyndactyly, and defects of the skin and gastrointestinal tract. (The patients included the first reported case presented by Curry at the 1987 David W.
Curry-Jones syndrome is a form of syndromic craniosynostosis characterized by unilateral coronal craniosynostosis or multiple suture synostosis associated with complete or partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, preaxial polysyndactyly and syndactyly of hands and/or feet, along with anomalies of the skin (characteristic pearly white areas that become scarred and atrophic, abnormal hair growth around the eyes and/or cheeks, and on the limbs), eyes (iris colobomas, microphthalmia,) and intestine (congenital short gut, malrotation, dysmotility, chronic constipation, bleeding and myofibromas). Developmental delay and variable degrees of intellectual disability may also be observed. Multiple intra-abdominal smooth muscle hamartomas, trichoblastoma of the skin, occipital meningoceles and development of desmoplastic medulloblastoma have been reported.
Rod-plus-cone ERGs to 0.5-Hz bright white flashes also showed a normal response, but only the first flash. The responses to the second flash and all subsequent flashes were markedly reduced in amplitude.
Bradyopsia is characterised by prolonged electroretinal response suppression leading to difficulties adjusting to changes in luminance, normal to subnormal acuity and photophobia. Epidemiology It has been described in five unrelated patients with symptoms present since childhood. Etiology The disorder is caused by recessive mutations in the RGS9 (chromosome 17q23-q24) or R9AP (chromosome 19q13.11) genes.
Bradyopsia is a rare condition that affects vision. The term "bradyopsia" is from the Greek words for slow vision. In affected individuals, the eyes adapt more slowly than usual to changing light conditions. For example, people with this condition are blinded for several seconds when going from a dark environment into a bright one, such as when walking out of a darkened movie theater into daylight. Their eyes also have trouble adapting from bright light to dark conditions, such as when driving into a dark tunnel on a sunny day. Some people with bradyopsia also have difficulty seeing some moving objects, particularly small objects moving against a bright background.
