Pronunciation / ˈ t ɑːr d ɪ v ˌ d ɪ s k ɪ ˈ n iː ʒ ə / , / t ɑːr d aɪ v / / ˌ d ɪ s k ə ˈ n iː ʒ ə / Specialty Neurology , psychiatry Symptoms Involuntary, repetitive body movements [1] Causes Neuroleptic medications (antipsychotics), metoclopramide [1] [2] Diagnostic method Based on symptoms after ruling out other potential causes [1] Differential diagnosis Huntington's disease , cerebral palsy , Tourette syndrome , dystonia [2] Prevention Using lowest possible dose of neuroleptic medication [3] Treatment Stopping neuroleptic medication if possible, switching to clozapine [1] Medication Valbenazine , tetrabenazine , botulinum toxin [1] [4] Prognosis Variable [1] Frequency 20% (atypical antipsychotics) 30% (typical antipsychotics) [5] Tardive dyskinesia ( TD ) is a disorder that results in involuntary, repetitive body movements, which may include grimacing, sticking out the tongue, or smacking the lips. [1] Additionally, there may be rapid jerking movements or slow writhing movements . [1] In about 20% of people with TD, the disorder interferes with daily functioning. [3] Tardive dyskinesia occurs in some people as a result of long-term use of dopamine-receptor-blocking medications such as antipsychotics and metoclopramide . [1] [2] These medications are usually used for mental illness but may also be given for gastrointestinal or neurological problems. [1] The condition typically develops only after months to years of use. [1] [3] The diagnosis is based on the symptoms after ruling out other potential causes. [1] Efforts to prevent the condition include either using the lowest possible dose or discontinuing use of neuroleptics. [3] Treatment includes stopping the neuroleptic medication if possible or switching to clozapine . [1] Other medications such as valbenazine , tetrabenazine , or botulinum toxin may be used to lessen the symptoms. [1] [4] With treatment, some see a resolution of symptoms, while others do not. [1] Rates in those on atypical antipsychotics are about 20%, while those on typical antipsychotics have rates of about 30%. [5] The risk of acquiring the condition is greater in older people, [3] for women, as well as patients with mood disorders and/or medical diagnoses receiving antipsychotic medications. [6] The term "tardive dyskinesia" first came into use in 1964. [3] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 2.1 Risk factors 3 Prevention 4 Treatment 5 Epidemiology 6 References 7 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements. ... Tardive tourettism is a tic disorder featuring the same symptoms as Tourette syndrome . The two disorders are extremely close in nature and often can only be differentiated by the details of their respective onsets. ... "Classification and Treatment of Tardive Syndromes". The Neurologist . 9 (1): 16–27. doi : 10.1097/01.nrl.0000038585.58012.97 .
Description Tardive dyskinesia is a debilitating motor disorder manifest as hyperkinetic, involuntary, repetitive movements predominantly of the orofacial region. It is a complication of treatment with so-called typical antipsychotic or neuroleptic agents, such as chlorpromazine or haloperidol, and is estimated to occur in 20 to 30% of chronic schizophrenics on long-term treatment (Thelma et al., 2008). Clinical Features In a review, Thelma et al. (2008) noted that age and African American ethnicity are both risk factors for the development of tardive dyskinesia. Inheritance Yassa and Ananth (1981) surveyed 500 inpatients receiving long-term neuroleptics and found 8 with first-degree relatives who were also on neuroleptics and suffering from a psychiatric disorder. All 8 proband-relative pairs were concordant for the presence or absence of tardive dyskinesia.
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes . 66 (5): 544–551. doi : 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000213 . ... Retrieved 2017-12-13 . v t e HIV/AIDS in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde (Cabo Verde) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini (Swaziland) Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) v t e HIV / AIDS topics HIV/AIDS HIV HIV Lentivirus structure and genome subtypes CDC classification disease progression rates HIV/AIDS diagnosis management pathophysiology prevention research vaccination PrEP WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease Children Teens / Adults Countries by AIDS prevalence rate Conditions Signs and symptoms AIDS-defining clinical condition Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome Lipodystrophy Nephropathy Neurocognitive disorders Pruritus Superinfection Tuberculosis co-infection HIV Drug Resistance Database Innate resistance to HIV Serostatus HIV-positive people Nutrition Pregnancy History History Epidemiology Multiple sex partners Timeline AIDS Museum Timothy Ray Brown Women and HIV/AIDS Social AIDS orphan Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS Circumcision and HIV Criminal transmission Discrimination against people Economic impact Cost of treatment HIV-affected community HIV/AIDS activism HIV/AIDS denialism Red ribbon Safe sex Sex education List of HIV-positive people People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement HIV/AIDS in the porn industry Culture Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories International AIDS Conference International AIDS Society Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) The SING Campaign Solidays Treatment Action Campaign World AIDS Day YAA/Youthforce "Free Me" Larry Kramer Gay Men's Health Crisis ACT UP Silence=Death Project HIV/AIDS pandemic by region / country Africa Angola Benin Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Eswatini Ethiopia Ghana Guinea Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Tanzania South Africa Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe North America Canada Mexico El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua United States New York City Caribbean Haiti Jamaica Dominican Republic South America Bolivia Brazil Colombia Guyana Peru Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China (PRC) ( Yunnan ) East Timor India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan North Korea Laos Malaysia Myanmar (Burma) Nepal Pakistan Philippines Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Taiwan (ROC) Thailand United Arab Emirates Turkey Vietnam Europe United Kingdom Russia Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region
These include seborrheic dermatitis , ichthyosis , skin fragility syndrome (Ehlers-Danlos), hereditary canine follicular dysplasia and hypotrichosis , such as color dilution alopecia . ... These include many endocrine (hormonal) abnormalities, such as hypothyroidism , Cushing's syndrome (hyperadrenocorticism), and tumors of the ovaries or testicles .
An older brother, who also had severe neonatal jaundice, died of hypoplastic left heart syndrome at 10 days of age; no endocrinologic evaluation or postmortem examination was done. ... Her unaffected father and paternal grandmother and 2 aunts also carried the mutation, as did an older brother who had died at 10 days of age of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. RT-PCR analysis in peripheral lymphocytes revealed monoallelic expression of the normal allele in the father and grandmother and a skewed pattern of biallelic expression in the proband, suggesting epigenetic control of expression of the PIT1 gene.
Combined pituitary hormone deficiency is a condition that causes a shortage (deficiency) of several hormones produced by the pituitary gland, which is located at the base of the brain. A lack of these hormones may affect the development of many parts of the body. The first signs of this condition include a failure to grow at the expected rate and short stature that usually becomes apparent in early childhood. People with combined pituitary hormone deficiency may have hypothyroidism, which is underactivity of the butterfly-shaped thyroid gland in the lower neck. Hypothyroidism can cause many symptoms, including weight gain and fatigue.
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because combined pituitary hormone deficiency-6 (CPHD6) is caused by heterozygous mutation in the OTX2 gene (600037) on chromosome 14q21. For discussion of phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of combined pituitary hormone deficiency, see CPHD1 (613038). Heterozygous mutation in the OTX2 gene can also cause microphthalmia with associated features, including pituitary dysfunction (see MCOPS5, 610125). Molecular Genetics In 19 patients with hypopituitarism, Diaczok et al. (2008) analyzed 8 genes encoding pituitary-specific transcription factors, including HESX1 (601802), LHX3 (600577), LHX4 (602146), OTX2, PITX2 (601542), POU1F1 (173110), PROP1 (601538), and SIX6 (606326), and identified heterozygosity for a missense mutation in the OTX2 gene (600037.0006) in 2 unrelated patients. One was a 6-year-old boy with deficiency of GH, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), who on MRI had an ectopic neurohypophysis, along with a hypoplastic adenohypophysis and absent or severely hypoplastic pituitary stalk.
Coarse facies, macroglossia, megalencephaly, minimal hepatosplenomegaly and high lumbar gibbus suggested Hurler syndrome. Der Kaloustian et al. (1981) described 7 cases in Lebanon. ... Their female patient had a progressive motor neuron syndrome that began at age 7 years and was characterized by dysarthria, muscle wasting, fasciculations, and pyramidal tract dysfunction.
These include, Insomnia disorder, Hypersomnolence disorder, Narcolepsy, Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea, Central sleep apnea, Sleep-related hypoventilation, Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep arousal disorders, Nightmare disorder, Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder, Restless legs syndrome, and substance-medication-induced sleep disorder. ... Body functions measured by a PSG [ edit ] inspiratory and expiratory air flow oxygen saturation in blood respiratory effort respiratory rate eye movements brain waves electrical activity in muscles position of body Polysomnography is also used to aid in the diagnosis of other sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), narcolepsy, and restless leg syndrome (RLS). Normal test results show little to no episodes of sleep apnea and normal electrical activity in the individual's brain and muscles during sleep. [12] [13] Prevention [ edit ] Since there is not an FDA -approved medication on the market specifically designed for the treatment of sexsomnia, health professionals attempt to treat the disorder through a variety of approaches.
According to studies, [2] [21] [22] they are shift work, hypnagogic hallucinations (also known as hypnagogia ), excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia and hypersomnia disorder, circadian rhythm sleep disorder , restless legs syndrome , obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), bipolar disorder , daily smoking, and age of 15–24 years.
Most extradural tumors are metastatic commonly from breast, prostate, lung, and kidney cancer. [4] There are many genetic factors associated with intradural tumors, most commonly neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2), and Von-Hippel Lindau (VHL) syndrome. [1] The most common type of intradural-extramedullary tumors are meningiomas and nerve-sheath tumors . [5] The most common type of intradural-intramedullary tumors are ependymomas and astrocytomas . [6] Diagnosis involves a complete medical evaluation followed by imaging with a CT or MRI. ... Primary spinal tumors are associated with a few genetic syndromes . [1] [5] Neurofibromas are associated with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1). [1] Meningiomas and schwannomas are associated with neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2). [1] Intramedullary hemangioblastomas can be seen in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease. [5] Spinal cord lymphomas are commonly seen in patients with suppressed immune systems. [5] The majority of extradural tumors are due to metastasis, most commonly from breast, prostate, lung, and kidney cancer. [4] Pathophysiology [ edit ] The spinal cord is a long, cylindrical anatomical structure that is located within the vertebral cavity .
Chordoma Chordoma is a rare type of bone cancer that happens most often in the bones of the spine or the skull. It most often forms where the skull sits atop the spine (skull base) or at the bottom of the spine (sacrum). Chordoma begins in cells that once made up a collection of cells in the developing embryo that go on to become the disks of the spine. Most of these cells go away by the time you're born or soon after. But sometimes a few of these cells remain and, rarely, they can become cancerous. Chordoma happens most often in adults between 40 and 60, though it can happen at any age.
In subsequent two months, inappropriate jokes and hypersexual behavior were rarely noticed. [5] Due to the rareness of this disorder, not much research into potential treatments has been conducted. See also [ edit ] Foerster's syndrome Jolyon Wagg Ganser syndrome (hysterical pseudodementia) where patients are unable to appropriately answer even straightforward questions References [ edit ] ^ Erickson, Jennifer M.; Quinn, Davin K.; Shorter, Edward (2016).
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Other names NSF Specialty Dermatology Causes iatrogenic disease caused by exposure to gadolinium-based contrast agents Risk factors impaired kidney function is the major risk factor Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a rare syndrome that involves fibrosis of skin, joints, eyes, and internal organs. ... While not universally present, this finding is believed to be unique to patients exposed to gadolinium, although not necessarily limited to areas involved by NSF. [18] [19] [20] Differential diagnosis [ edit ] The differential diagnoses for NSF include diffuse cutaneous or limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis, scleromyxedema, lipodermatosclerosis, scleroedema diabeticorum, graft versus host disease, eosinophilic fasciitis; eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome; porphyria cutanea tarda, and other disorders.
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a rare systemic fibrosing condition observed in renally impaired patients and characterized by a hardening and thickening of the skin with fibrotic plaques or papules, pruritus, joint pain and stiffness, muscle weakness, limitation of range of motion, and yellowed eyes. It is generally associated with administration of gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents (GBCA) in patients with kidney disease.
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a condition that affects different parts of the body, particularly the skin. Symptoms of the condition may include progressive swelling and tightening of the skin, sometimes resulting in contractures, and pruritis (itching). The skin findings are similar to those seen in patients with scleroderma . Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis was first described in 1997. Being exposed to gadolinium-containing contrast agents during MRI testing has been identified as a significant risk factor for development of this disease.
When associated with the lung, it is typically a centrally located large-cell cancer (nonsmall-cell lung cancer). It often has a paraneoplastic syndrome causing ectopic production of parathyroid hormone-related protein , resulting in hypercalcemia , but paraneoplastic syndrome is more commonly associated with small-cell lung cancer.
., after angiography ). [5] Other [ edit ] An inadequate flow of blood to a part of the body may be caused by any of the following: Thoracic outlet syndrome (compression of the brachial plexus ) Atherosclerosis (lipid-laden plaques obstructing the lumen of arteries ) Hypoglycemia (lower than normal level of glucose) Tachycardia (abnormally rapid beating of the heart ) Radiotherapy Hypotension (low blood pressure, e.g. in septic shock , heart failure) Outside compression of a blood vessel, e.g. by a tumor or in the case of superior mesenteric artery syndrome Sickle cell disease (abnormally shaped red blood cells) Induced g-forces which restrict the blood flow and force the blood to the extremities of the body, as in acrobatics and military flying Localized extreme cold, such as by frostbite or improper cold compression therapy Tourniquet application An increased level of glutamate receptor stimulation [ citation needed ] Arteriovenous malformations and peripheral artery occlusive disease rupture of significant blood vessels supplying a tissue or organ.
Plasmacytoma is a localized mass of neoplastic monoclonal plasma cells that represents approximately 5% of all plasma cell neoplasms. There are two separate entities: primary plasmacytoma of the bone and extramedullary plasmacytoma of the soft tissues. Of the extramedullary plasmacytomas, 80% occur in the head and neck, usually in the upper respiratory tract. The median age at diagnosis is 50 years and the male to female ratio is 3:1. Long-term survival is possible following local radiotherapy, particularly for soft tissue presentations.
